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Six Sigma: Inherent Limitations 23
Table 2.1 Progress in efforts for performance improvement.
Methodology T&I SPC Six Sigma DFSS
1. Approach Defect detection Defect Defect Value creation
prevention avoidance
2. Method Sampling plans Control DMAIC IDOV
charts
3. Focus Product Process Project System
4. Information Static Dynamic Varied Uncertainties
5. Medium Observation Data Knowledge Perspectives
6. Nature Passive Defensive Active Pre-emptive
7. Deployment Exit point Downstream Midstream Upstream
8. Application Isolated On-line Off-line Organization-
wide
9. Format As needed Continuous Project by Subject by subject
project
10. Operation Single location Single Cross-function Business-wide
function
11. Execution Prescriptive Rule-based Needs-driven Proactive
12. Criterion Conformance Stability Optimality Predictability
13. Improvement Irrelevant Absent Incremental Fundamental
14. Problems Unsolved Contained Understood Anticipated
15. Solutions Unavailable Ad hoc Remedial Built-in
16. Result Damage control Capability Sigma level Robustness
17. Framework Instantaneous Short term Long term Life cycle
18. Customer Acceptance Satisfaction Appreciation Trust
reaction
19. Gains None Confidence Savings Profit
20. Enhancement Production Engineering Bottom line Market share
21. Requirements Unsophisticated Procedural Organizational Cultural
22. Core skills Procedures Analysis Communication Synthesis
23. Leaders Technicians Engineers Managers Chief executives
24. Applicability Traditional Modern Contemporary Current
25. Popularity 1940s 1970s 1990s 2000s
started

Commonality: management of variabilities with statistical thinking

11. business-oriented (achievements often required to be expressed in financial
terms);
12. good timing (coming at a time when personal computing hardware and statistical
software packages have become widely available, making pervasive implemen-
tation possible).

2.5 SIX SIGMA: INHERENT LIMITATIONS

Six Sigma was first applied to industrial manufacturing processes in which defects
can be clearly defined as well as measured; the extent of improvement likewise has
to be quantifiable. It is well known that Six Sigma derives its capability for process