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Paper and board are usually calculated by weight or caliper. Material weighing fewer than 250 • Barrier to moisture and gas
grams per square meter (gsm) is referred to as paper, and material at about 250 gsm is referred to • Pressure resistant to a degree
as paperboard.
• Can be moulded into a variety of shapes

The fibers of machine-made paper run parallel to the length of the machine that produced it. This • Transparent making the product visible
machine or grain direction affects performance:
• Glass is also highly recyclable
• Paper tears easiest along the fibers The most clear drawback is fragility and the hazard of broken glass. The precision of glass can be

• Folding is easiest along the fibers a difficulty where the product is degraded by light.
• Fold endurance is greatest across the fibers Glass can be directly decorated but is most commonly labelled.

• Stiffness is greatest when flexed across the fibers

Paper can also be coated to enhance potency or provide obstacle properties. The materials used can
be gloss or matt finished or embossed. Other materials can be laminated onto paperboard e.g. foil
or plastics.

Packaging formed using paper and board comprises cartons, labels, leaflets, tubes, corrugated
cases, rigid boxes and pulp packs.

Figure 6.3 Packaging material glasses

Metals

The metals used in packaging are predominantly tin-plate or aluminum and are used to make food
and drink cans, aerosol cans, tubes, drums and slip or hinged lid Drums. Drums boxes for gift sets
Figure 6.2 Packaging material papers and selections of confectionery or biscuits. All packs are recyclable.

Glass
Tin-plate is tin-plated steel and the mainly common material used in food cans. Steel can also be
Commercially-available glass is prepared from silica, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. used un-plated or with coatings.
Other composites can be supplementary to give colour, sparkle or heat shock confrontation.
Aluminum is used for drinks cans, closures, trays, tubs and tubes. As foil it can be used in multi-
Glass is an admired and constructive packaging material because it is: laminate structures or as a blister pack or container seal.

• Inert Metal can be oppressed to fabricate the following packaging uniqueness:

• Sterilisable • Strong and rigid