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Grammar 3 Exam candidates often make mistakes with
modal verbs. Find and correct the mistakes in the
&YQSFTTJOH BCJMJUZ QPTTJCJMJUZ BOE sentences below.
PCMJHBUJPO He must have correct his work before he gave it to the
1 Discuss these questions about extracts a–g from teacher.
Reading and Use of English Part 8. The students at the back of the lecture hall became
frustrated because they can’t hear very well.
Which extracts express ability, which possibility and I think they might lie to you when you bought the TV
which obligation? last week.
Do the extracts refer to the past, the present or the I’m happy to tell you that we could offer you a place on
future? the degree course.

B It meant I couldn’t pop into town to do my shopping. Could you tell me the name of the manager, so I would
C I had narrowed down my options to just three be able to contact him in the future?
possibilities, but I still could not decide between them. If we afford the fees, our daughter will apply to this
D I then had to choose which first degree I should take college.
before starting law school. 4 Work in pairs. Tell each other about the following.
E I could become an engineer and apply maths at a
practical level. t things you can do that you’re proud of
F I needn’t have worried … t something you couldn’t do for a long time but
G … because in the end I didn’t have to choose! eventually managed to do
H I’ll be able to start teaching as soon as I qualify. t something you’d like to be able to do
t things you have to / don’t have to do as part of your
2 Read these pairs of sentences and decide if both in job or studies
each pair are correct. If both are correct, discuss the t something you needn’t have worried about
difference in meaning between them. t something you really must do in the next few days
B I have to finish this essay, so I can’t go out.
b I must finish this essay. I really want to do well.
a I didn’t need to catch a taxi home from the airport.
My brother picked me up.
b I needn’t have caught a taxi home from the airport.
My brother would have picked me up.

a You don’t have to go to the lecture this afternoon.
It’s optional.
b You mustn’t go to the lecture this afternoon. It’s only
for first-year students.
a After a lot of effort, I could finally start the car
engine.
b After a lot of effort, I finally managed to start the car
engine.
a He can stay for up to 90 days with this kind of visa if
he wants to.
b He could stay for up to 90 days with this kind of visa
if he wanted to.

a In the future, we might not study in classrooms with
other students.
b In the future, we could not study in classrooms with
other students.

QBHF -BOHVBHF SFGFSFODF Expressing ability, possibility
and obligation

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