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Language reference

Cleft sentences for emphasis Comment adverbials

Emphasis involves showing that something is particularly Comment adverbs and adverbial phrases:
important or worth giving attention to. Cleft sentences are
t express how certain the speaker is about something.
one way of doing this. These can be formed by:
Some common adverbs: certainly, defi nitely, possibly,
t a clause starting with what, linked to the rest of the probably, undoubtedly
sentence by is/was: She’s defi nitely happier now than she used to be.
I really enjoy pasta. What I really enjoy is pasta. Some common phrases: without a doubt, in theory, in all
She wanted to fi nd a job in New Zealand. What she likelihood/probability
wanted was to fi nd a job in New Zealand. In all likelihood, the meeting will have to be postponed.
/PUF The verb in the what clause is often do. In this case, t express the speaker’s attitude or opinion about what they
is/was is followed by an infi nitive, with or without to: are saying. Some common adverbs: frankly, personally,
They advertised on television. What they did was (to) (un)fortunately, obviously, surprisingly, strangely
advertise on television. Strangely, I haven’t heard from her since she moved.

t a clause starting with all: (= I think her failure to communicate is strange.)
My house only needs a swimming pool now. All my Personally, I’d prefer not to live abroad.
house needs now is a swimming pool. Some common phrases: quite honestly, generally
t a clause starting with It is/was, linked to the rest of the speaking, to my surprise
sentence by that or who: Quite honestly, I don’t think you should have given him so
Mike paid the bill. It was Mike who paid the bill. much money.
You should speak to the manager. It’s the manager Comment adverbials expressing opinions often go at the
(that) you should speak to. beginning of a sentence. However, they can also be placed:
They left Poland in 2012. It was in 2012 that they left
Poland. t in a middle position in the sentence (often after the
I like visiting other countries, but I don’t enjoy fl ying. subject or after the verb):
I like visiting other countries – it’s fl ying (that) I don’t Martina, unfortunately, didn’t arrive until midday.
enjoy. She was, unfortunately, too late for her appointment.
t at the end of the sentence:
Luca is thinking of going to Australia, apparently.
These comment adverbials are usually separated from the
Conditionals rest of the sentence by commas.

'JSTU DPOEJUJPOBM
'PSN 6TF &YBNQMFT
If/Unless + present simple/ To talk about very possible If you’re hungry, I’ll start getting the lunch ready.
continuous – will/may/must, etc. + or probable situations/ We should get there by midday if the trains are
infi nitive events in the present or running on time.
future
4FDPOE DPOEJUJPOBM
If/Unless + past simple/continuous – To talk about improbable I might miss the city if we moved away from here.
would/could/might + infi nitive or imaginary situations/ (but we probably won’t move)
events in the present or If I was driving the car, we’d be arriving by now.
future (but I’m not driving, so we aren’t arriving yet)
5IJSE DPOEJUJPOBM
If/unless + past perfect simple or To talk about imaginary I could have got better results if I’d taken the photos
continuous – would have / could situations/events in the earlier. (but I didn’t take them early enough.)
have / might have + past participle past If it hadn’t been snowing, we wouldn’t have got lost.
(but it was snowing, so we got lost)

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