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20 Operation Paperclip

Operation Paperclip: The

Secret Intelligence

Program to Bring Nazi

Scientists to America

Continued from Page 18

In 1957, Fritz Karl Preikschat, taken to Russia
through Operation Osoaviakhim, accepted a
U.S. employment contract from the U.S. Air
Force and ended up at Boeing, making him
perhaps the only German engineer to contribute
to both sides of the Space Race (Russia and
U.S.).
In 1959, 94 Operation Paperclip men
went to the United States, including Friedwardt
Winterberg and Friedrich Wigand. Throughout
its operations to 1990, Operation Paperclip
imported 1,600 men, as part of the intellectual Hans Hollmann, Kurt Lehovec, Johannes BIG, OPERATION EPSILON, RUSSIAN
reparations owed to the United States and the Plendl, Heinz Schlicke and Hans K. Ziegler. ALSOS: Soviet, American and British
UK, some $10 billion in patents and industrial efforts to capture German nuclear secrets,
processes. Intelligence equipment, and personnel.
During the decades after they were Reinhard Gehlen, Otto von Bolschwing. • OPERATION BACKFIRE: A British
included in Operation Paperclip, some scientists effort at capturing rocket and aerospace
were investigated because of their activities Similar operations technology from Cuxhaven.
during World War II. Arthur Rudolph was • FEDDEN MISSION: British mission to
deported in 1984, but not prosecuted, and West • APPLEPIE: Project to capture and gain technical intelligence concerning
Germany granted him citizenship. Similarly, interrogate key Wehrmacht, RSHA AMT advanced German aircraft and their
Georg Rickhey, who came to the United States VI, and General Staff officers propulsion systems.
under Operation Paperclip in 1946, was knowledgeable of the industry and economy • OPERATION LUSTY: US efforts to
returned to Germany to stand trial at the Dora of the USSR. capture German aeronautical equipment,
Trial in 1947; he was acquitted, and returned to • DUSTBIN (counterpart of ASHCAN): An technology, and personnel.
the United States in 1948, eventually becoming Anglo-American military intelligence • OPERARTION OSOAVIAKHIM:
a U.S. citizen. The aeromedical library at operation established first in Paris, then in (sometimes transliterated as "Operation
Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, Kransberg Castle, at Frankfurt. Ossavakim"), a Soviet counterpart of
had been named after Hubertus Strughold in • ECLIPSE (1944): An unimplemented Air Operation Paperclip, involving German
1977. However, it was later renamed because Disarmament Wing plan for post-war technicians, managers, skilled workers and
documents from the Nuremberg War Crimes operations in Europe for destroying V-1 and their respective families who were relocated
Tribunal linked Strughold to medical V-2 missiles. to the USSR in October 1946.
experiments in which inmates from Dachau • SAFEHAVEN: US project within • OPERATION SURGEON: British
were tortured and killed. ECLIPSE meant to prevent the escape of operation for denying German aeronautical
Nazi scientists from Allied-occupied expertise from the USSR, and for exploiting
Key figures Germany. German scientists in furthering British
• FIELD INFORMATION AGENCY; research.
Technical (FIAT): US Army agency for • SPECIAL MISSION V-2: April–May 1945
Rocketry
securing the "major, and perhaps only, US operation, by Maj. William Bromley,
Rudi Beichel, Magnus von Braun, Wernher
material reward of victory, namely, the that recovered parts and equipment for 100
von Braun, Werner Dahm, Konrad Dannenberg,
advancement of science and the V-2 missiles from a Mittelwerk underground
Kurt H. Debus, Walter Dornberger, Ernst R. G.
improvement of production and standards of factory in Kohnstein within the Soviet zone.
Eckert, Krafft Arnold Ehricke, Barret A. Lee,
living in the United Nations, by proper Maj. James P. Hamill co-ordinated the
Otto Hirschler, Hermann H. Kurzweg, Fritz
exploitation of German methods in these transport of the equipment on 341 railroad
Mueller, Eberhard Rees, Gerhard Reisig, Georg
fields"; FIAT ended in 1947, when cars with the 144th Motor Vehicle Assembly
Rickhey, Werner Rosinski, Ludwig Roth, Arthur
Operation Paperclip began functioning. Company, from Nordhausen to Erfurt, just
Rudolph, Ernst Steinhoff, Ernst Stuhlinger,
• On April 26, 1946, the Joint Chiefs of Staff before the Soviets arrived. (see also
Bernhard Tessmann, and Georg von
issued JCS Directive 1067/14 to General Operation Blossom, Broomstick Scientists,
Tiesenhausen.
Eisenhower instructing that he "preserve Hermes project, Operations Sandy and
from destruction and take under your Pushover)
Aeronautics
control records, plans, books, documents, • TARGET INTELLIGENCE
Sighard F. Hoerner, Siegfried Knemeyer,
papers, files and scientific, industrial and COMMITTEE: US project to exploit
Alexander Martin Lippisch, Hans Multhopp,
other information and data belonging to . . . German cryptographers. []
Hans von Ohain, and Kurt Tank.
German organizations engaged in military
research"; and that, excepting war-
Medicine – biological weapons, chemical
criminals, German scientists be detained for
weapons, human experimentation, human
intelligence purposes as required.
factors in space medicine
• NATIONAL INTEREST/PROJECT 63:
Job placement assistance for Nazi engineers
Hans Antmann, Kurt Blome, Erich Traub,
at Lockheed, Martin Marietta, North
Walter Schreiber, Richard Lindenberg and
American Aviation, and other aeroplane
Hubertus Strughold.
companies, whilst American aerospace
engineers were being laid off work.
Electronics
• OPERATION ALSOS, OPERATION