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32 ARQUEOLOGIA IBEROAMERICANA 5 (2010) ISSN 1989–4104

importance and use of maize beer perhaps was more wide- ties, including the University of Calgary, the University
spread during Wari times than during the development of Alberta, the University of Victoria, and Trent Univer-
of the Inka State. The major emphasis in occupying grain- sity. Currently he teaches at MacEwan University, Uni-
producing ecological zones across the highland region is versity of Lethbridge and the University of Alberta. His
further evidence of the major reliance on maize cultiva- research includes the Andean Middle Horizon period,
tion by the Wari State. Such emphasis could not be nec- the Nasca culture from the Peruvian south coast and the
essarily due to the vital role of maize in Wari subsistence pre-Inka and Inka occupations in the Ayacucho Valley of
system, but more likely because of the widespread use of Peru.
maize beer by the Wari State. K. J. BETTCHER received her MA in 2001 from the De-
In summary, it can be argued that maize beer was an partment of Anthropology, Trent University. She has par-
integral part of Wari political organization perhaps in the ticipated in several archaeological studies both in the
same ways the Inka used maize beer to mobilize labor, so Ayacucho Valley of central Peru and the south coast re-
critical for the building of State infrastructures. We an- gion of Peru. Her research interest includes the study of
ticipate that future research may reveal the presence of children and childhood in the ancient Central Andes.
maize beer production establishments at the provincial J. E. VALDEZ received his Licenciatura in 2002 from
Wari sites. Furthermore, there may be other instances the Facultad de Ciencias Sociales of the University of
demonstrating the heavy reliance on maize, which may Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru. He has conducted several
be a direct result of maize beer consumption. When such archaeological fieldworks in the Ayacucho Valley, with
information become available, it is possible that we will focus on the Middle Horizon. Currently he teaches at the
perceive better the role of fermented beverages within University of Huamanga.
the process of formation, expansion, and consolidation
of political organizations such as the Wari State. What
has become evident is that this pre-Inka political organi- REFERENCES CITED
zation was actively involved in the production and distri-
bution of maize beer, and that the use of this fermented ABERCROMBIE, T. A. 1998. Pathways of Memory and Pow-
beverage for political ends goes back at least to the Mid- er: ethnography and history among an Andean people.
dle Horizon and definitely predate the emergence of the Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Inka State. ALLEN, C. J. 1988. The hold life has coca: coca and cultur-
al identity in an Andean community. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press.
Acknowledgments ANDERS, M. B.
— 1989. Wamanga pottery: symbolic resistance and sub-
Research at Marayniyoq was carried out with the author- version in Middle Horizon Epoch 2 ceramics from the
ization from the Peruvian National Institute of Culture planned Wari site of Azángaro (Ayaucho, Peru). In Cul-
and with financial support from the Canadian Social Sci- tures in conflict: current archaeological perspectives, ed.
ences and Humanities Research Council. We extend our by D. C. Tkaczuk & B. C. Brian, pp. 7-18. Calgary:
thanks to our family members who in many different ways Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary.
provided support during the time we carried out our re- — 1991. Structure and function at the planned site of Azán-
search. Special thanks go to Cirilo Vivanco, Antonio garo: cautionary notes for the model of Huari as a cen-
Pariahuamán, Jorge Soto, Miriam Gil, Alfredo Bautista, tralized secular state. In Huari Administrative Structure:
Máximo López, David Romaní, Teodardo Jaime, Joseph prehistoric monumental architecture and state govern-
Cavalcanti, Marcela Ramírez, Walter Candia, Edith ment, ed. by W. H. Isbell & G. F. McEwan, pp. 165-197.
Verástegui, and Carmen Cazorla. Finally, our gratitude Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
to the neighbors of the archaeological site for their sup- ARNOLD, D. E.
port and interest in the archaeological studies carried out — 1983. Design structrure and community organization in
at Marayniyoq. Quinua, Peru. In Structure and Cognition in Art, ed. by
D. K. Washburn, pp. 56-73. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.
About the authors — 1985. Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
L. M. VALDEZ (lidio9@yahoo.es) received his doctorate — 1993. Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean
in 1998 from the Department of Archaeology, University Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
of Calgary. He has taught at several Canadian universi- BRAY, T. L.