Page 1032 - Basic _ Clinical Pharmacology ( PDFDrive )

1018 SECTION IX Toxicology

behave in unique patterns of chemical and physical reactivity, their Dockery DW et al: Effect of air pollution control on mortality and hospital admis-
toxicology is often novel and there is insufficient information on sions in Ireland. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2013;176:3.
the likely human or environmental impact of dispersal of these Fanelli V et al: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: New definition, current and
future therapeutic options. J Thorac Dis 2013;5:326.
manufactured products in the environment. The University of Fucic A et al: Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens and oestrogen related can-
North Carolina laboratory safety and health manual outlines the cers: Reproductive system, breast, lung, kidney, pancreas, and brain. Environ
problems of working with nanomaterials in the laboratory and their Health 2012;11(Suppl 1):S8.
safe use at http://ehs.unc.edu/manuals/laboratory/chapter-18/. Gawarammana IB, Buckley NA: Medical management of paraquat ingestion. Br J
Clin Pharmacol 2011;72:745.
1. Human toxicology—Inhalation, oral ingestion, dermal Geusau A et al: Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication:
absorption, and parenteral administration of nanomaterials have Clinical and laboratory effects. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:865.
been the sources of human exposure. Because of the unique physi- Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products,
5th ed. Williams & Wilkins, 1984.
cochemical properties of nanomaterials, their toxicity may be sim- Goyal P, Mishra D, Kumar A: Vehicular emission inventory of criteria pollutants
ilar to or very different from the larger, bulk materials encountered in Delhi. Springerplus 2013;2:216.
in traditional toxicology studies. The nature of the exposure will Haley RW et al: Association of low PON1 type Q (type A) arylesterase activity
impact the likelihood that nanomaterials will reach target organs with neurologic symptom complexes in Gulf War veterans. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol 1999;157:227.
or cells. Nanomaterials can cross cellular membranes, penetrate Hamm JI, Chen CY, Birnbaum LS: A mixture of dioxin, furans, and non-ortho
nuclear material and genetic information, and may impact cel- PCBs based upon consensus toxic equivalency factors produces dioxin-like
lular response at a nanoscale. Silica nanoparticles have been dem- reproductive effects. Toxicol Sci 2003;74:182.
onstrated to produce kidney toxicity in humans, and zinc oxide Hatch GE et al: Biomarkers of dose and effect of inhaled ozone in resting versus
nanoparticles are toxic to human liver cells. Multiwalled carbon exercising human subjects: Comparison with resting rats. Biomark Insights
2013;8:53.
nanotubes have been found to be cytotoxic in human lung cells. Heinrich J et al: Long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 and all-cause and cause-
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles that are widely used in sunscreens, specific mortality in a prospective cohort of women. Occup Environ Med
other cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and many other products have 2013;70:179.
been noted to be toxic in the lungs and elsewhere. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW: Association of prenatal exposure to an environmental
contaminant with intellectual function in childhood. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol
2002;40:467.
2. Environmental toxicology—Nanomaterials can enter the Järvholm B, Reuterwall C: A comparison of occupational and non-occupational
environment at all stages of their industrial life cycle, including exposure to diesel exhausts and its consequences for studying health effects.
manufacturing, delivery, use, and disposal. When nanomaterials are Occup Environ Med 2012;69:851.
placed into waste streams they may enter water systems, or be car- Kao JW, Nanagas KA: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Emerg Med Clin North Am
ried by wind or soils, and enter the food chain. An EPA fact sheet 2004;22:985.
on nanomaterials in the environment is available at https://www Kelleher P, Pacheco K, Newman LS: Inorganic dust pneumonias: The metal-related
parenchymal disorders. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(Suppl 4):685.
.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_ Lorenzoni PJ et al: An electrophysiological study of the intermediate syndrome of
emergingcontaminant_nanomaterials_jan2014_final.pdf. organophosphate poisoning. J Clin Neurosci 2010;17:1217.
The increasing production of nanomaterials and their mul- Lotti M, Moretto A: Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Toxicol
tiple uses has led to environmental contamination. Many species, Rev 2005;24:37.
including bacteria, small mammals, and fish and other aquatic Mann A, Early GL: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mo Med 2012;109:371.
organisms have been studied in laboratory assessments of nano- Maras M et al: Estrogen-like properties of fluorotelemer alcohols as revealed by
mcg-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:100.
material toxicity. The ecotoxicology of nanomaterials remains an Mrema EJ et al: Persistent organochlorinated pesticides and mechanisms of their
area of deep concern and ongoing research. toxicity. Toxicology 2013;307:74.
Nowack B et al: Analysis of the occupational, consumer and environmental expo-
sure to engineered nanomaterials used in 10 technology sectors. Nanotoxi-
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