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5.2.6 Radiation Pattern. Main Beam, Beamwidth, and Sidelobes 214
5.2.7 Sidelobes Specification. Grating Lobes 217
5.2.8 Antenna Noise Temperature 219
5.2.9 TEM Waves in Far-Field Zone 221
5.2.10 Directivity and Gain 221
5.2.11 Antenna Effective Aperture 223
5.2.12 Directivity, Effective Aperture, and HPBW 225
5.2.13 G/T Parameter 225
5.2.14 Antenna Factor 225
5.2.15 Antenna Power Handling 226

5.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND ANTENNA GAIN 226
5.3.1 Introduction 226
5.2.2 Path Loss (Friis Transmission Formula) and EIRP 226
5.3.3 Monostatic Radar Equation 228
5.3.4 Bistatic Radar Equation 229
5.3.5 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Radar System 230
5.3.6 5G (Fifth-Generation) Wireless Network and “Golden Rush” of MIMO 231

5.4 ANTENNA ARRAY FACTOR 234
5.4.1 Introduction 234
5.4.2 Basics of Linear Array Analysis 236
5.4.3 Pattern Multiplication 238
5.4.4 Basics of Linear Array Synthesis 238
5.4.5 Phasor-Vector Interpretation of Array Pattern 242
5.4.6 Linear Arrays with Progressive Phase Distribution and Their Feed 245
5.4.7 Radiation of Linear Array with Progressive Phase Excitation 247
5.4.8 Continuous Linear Array 249

5.5 BEAM STEERING TECHNIQUES 251
5.5.1 Introduction 251
5.5.2 Linear Array Beam Steering 251
5.5.3 Grating Lobe vs. Beam Steering 252
5.5.4 True Time Delay (TTD) Steering 254
5.5.5 Frequency Scan 256
5.5.6 Within-Pulse Scan Technique 257
5.5.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 258
5.5.8 Linear Array with Multiple Simultaneous Beams 260

5.6 PLANAR AND CONFORMAL ARRAYS 261
5.6.1 Planar Arrays 261
5.6.2 Conformal Arrays 266
5.6.3 Effect of Beam Focusing 267
REFERENCES 270

CHAPTER 6 FEED
LINE BASICS 273
Introduction 275