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164                                                                Chapter 4

                                       Chapter Contents



         Introduction                    165      4.2    RADIATION OF
                                                         ELECTROMAGNETIC
         4.1    WAVE AND                                 WAVES                     179
                HELMHOLTZ’s                       4.2.1   Introduction             179
                EQUATIONS                165      4.2.2   Radiation EM Waves by
         4.1.1   Wave Equation for Electric              Infinitesimal Current
                and Magnetic Vectors in                  Element                   179
                Space-Time Domain        165
         4.1.2   Wave Equation in Space-          4.3    ELEMENTARY
                Frequency Domain.                        RADIATORS                 182
                Wavenumber               167      4.3.1   Electric and Magnetic
         4.1.3   Electrodynamic Potentials               Fields Emitted by
                in Space-Time Domain       168           Infinitesimal Current
         4.1.4   Is It Vector and Scalar                 Element                   182
                Potentials are Real?       169    4.3.2   Electrically Small Current
         4.1.5   Symmetry of Maxwell’s                   Loop                      184
                Equations and                     4.3.3   Loop Antenna as Magnetic
                Principle of Duality.                    Dipole                    187
                Electrodynamic Potentials         4.3.4   Huygens' Principle and
                for Magnetic Sources       170           Huygens’ Radiator         189
         4.1.6   Electrodynamic Potentials
                in Space-Frequency                4.4    SKIN EFFECT               191
                Domain                   171      4.4.1   Skin Effect in Conductive
         4.1.7   Green’s Function for                    Materials. Impact of
                Static Fields for                        Surface Roughness         191
                Unbounded Space          171      4.4.2   Surface Resistivity       193
         4.1.8   Wave Equation. One-              4.4.3   Conclusion               193
                Dimensional Unbounded
                Space                    172      REFERENCES                       194
         4.1.9   General Solution of Wave
                Equations and Green’s
                Function                 176
         4.1.10  Potentials and Green’s
                Function in Space-
                Frequency Domain         177
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