Page 10 - Apollo - Industrial Applications Guide

INTRODUCTION:

Humans sense the presence of chlorine at 1 ppm. Prolonged exposure to 50
ppm may result in death. The Chlorine Institute publishes pamphlets and TYPES:
manuals for the safe handling and storage of chlorine. The “Chlorine Institute
Pamphlet 6” gives guidance for the selection of piping materials, component Dry Chlorine
design (including valves) and cleaning criteria for chlorine systems.
(<150pmm water content)
Moist or Wet Chlorine
CHARACTERISTICS: (>150pmm water)
Chlorine Dioxide
There are significant differences in the materials and products used in the
various types of chlorine systems. 300 series stainless steels (such as 316)
are almost never suggested for chlorine applications due to the materials
susceptibility to chloride stress cracking, but there are a few cryogenic MARKETS:
applications where it still sees utilization.
Production of solvents
DRY CHLORINE SYSTEMS – 150 PPM or less of water is designated as “DRY” (like carbon tetrachloride,
In general; carbon steel valves and piping are suitable for use in dry chlorine trichloroethylene, trichloroethane,
piping systems. Pamphlet 6 will recommend the use of Nickel-Copper Alloys perchloroethylene, methylene
like Monel® or Hastelloy® C trim. It goes on to recommend cleaning practices chloride), pesticides & herbicides,
to eliminate hydrocarbon contaminants plus will require a means of positively plastics & fibers (such as vinyl
venting the cavity of a closed valve (i.e. vented balls or vented body). Dry chloride, and vinylidene chloride),
Chlorine reacts with Titanium and can cause extreme heat and/or explosion. refrigerants and propellants.

MOIST CHLORINE SYSTEMS – More than 150 PPM of water is designated as Commercial
“WET or Moist” chlorine. Hastelloy® C and Copper-Nickel Alloys are commonly Consumer products like
used in moist chlorine systems. Valves used in water treatment facilities although household bleach (5% sodium
specifically handling dry chlorine may need to be selected based on moist hypochlorite), deodorizers
chlorine characteristics. Moist chlorine systems in general require individual and disinfectants and pool
study to select the best alternatives in materials between performance and maintenance chemicals.
cost. Moist or Wet Chlorine also requires a means of positively venting the Industrial processes like bleaching
cavity of a closed valve (i.e. vented balls or vented body). pulp, paper and textiles, the
treatment of drinking water,
CHLORINE DIOXIDE – Chlorine Dioxide is replacing Chlorine as a bleaching sanitation of industrial and
agent in some applications like pulp bleaching in pulp and paper mills. It is sewage wastes and also used in
also can be used for bleaching flour. It is an extremely effective and powerful the degassing of Aluminum melts.
oxidizer, biocide and disinfectant agent used in water treatment. It is used in
many industrial water treatment applications as a biocide, including cooling
towers, process water and food processing. There are some applications for it
as a municipal water treatment as well. This is because it helps produce better
tasting drinking water than chlorine. The primary material of construction for
valves and fittings is Titanium.

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