Page 295 - Through New Eyes

NOTES TO PAGES 98-104 297

th Bible (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc., 1959); Roy Pinney, The Ani-
mals of the Bible (New York: Chilton Books, 1964); United Bible Societies, Faurzz
and Flora of the Bible, 2d ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1980); George S.
Cansdale, All the Animals of the Bible Lands (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970).
5. Though men are indeed more like animals than plants, we note that plants also
keep the sabbath (Leviticus 25), also experience the blessing and curse of the
covenant in the form of rain and drought, and their firstfruits are also given to
God. Also, cereal offerings were made along with the animal sacrifices (Leviti-
cus 2). Both wood and animals were brought up on the altar, though the wood
is not called a sacrifice. Thus, while the analogies between men and animals are
closer and more pronounced, there are similar analogies between men and the
vegetable kingdom.
6. Greek: panto~.
7. Carmichael basically advocates just this point. As regards Deuteronomy 22:10,
he argues that it is not expressly forbidden to plow a field with yoked ox and
ass, but only to plow with them together in general, language used for sexual
relations and finding its background and fulfillment in human affairs. He also
calls attention to the parallel in Leviticus 19:19, which prohibits breeding ox
and ass together; Calum M. Carmichael, “Forbidden Mixtures ,“ Vet us l%ta-
mentum 32 (1982):394-415. For my own views, see James B. Jordan, “The Law
of Forbidden Mixtures” (available from Biblical Horizons, P.O. Box 132011,
Tyler, TX 75713).
As regards Deuteronomy 25:4, he argues that the text does not forbid
muzzling the ox while he is treading grain, but only while he is treading in gen-
eral, language again used for sexual relations and finding its background and
fulfillment in human affairs; Carmichael, Law and Narrative in the Bible: The Evi-
dence of the Deuteronomic Laws and the Decalogue (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1985), pp. 292-295; and Carmichael, “ ‘Treading’ in the Book of Ruth,”
.?+?itschraafir die Alttestamentliche Wissenshajt 92 ( 1980): 248-266. Carmichael’s writ-
ings abound in useful connections between animal Iaws and human affairs, but
are marred by his commitment to a critical view of the dating of Deuteronomy.
8. Schochet, p. 37.
9. Schochet comprehensively summarizes these in his excellent discussion, ibid.,
Chapter 3. For a very interesting modern attempt to extend these principles,
see the lavishly illustrated volumes published by the Institute for Basic Youth
Conflicts (Box One, Oak Brook, IL 60522) entitled Character Sketches: From the
Pages of Scr@ure, Illustrated in the World of Nature (1976, 1978, 1982).
10. See Paul S. Taylor, The Great Dinosaur Mystey and the Bible (San Diego: Master
Book Pub. , 1987).
11. I have discussed the animal kingdoms in greater depth in Food and Faith.
12. See ibid.
13. Schochet, p. 39.
14. Ibid., p. 41. The serpent can be seen to symbolize God in Exodus 4:3 and
7:9-12, Numbers 21:8, and John 3:14.
15. See Jordan, Food and Faith.

Chapter 9 – Angels

1. From The Service Book of the Ho~ Orthodox- Catholic-Apostolic Church, trans. by
Isabel F. Hapgood, rev. ed (Englewood, NJ: Antiochian Orthodox Christian
Archdiocese of North America, [1922] 1983), p. 94.