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- Big streams or rivers cause more erosion than small streams.
                               - Rivers that flow fast cause more erosion than slow rivers.






               The shape of a valley depends on several factors:

               -  The type of rocks found in landscape.

               -  The speed, age and size of the river.


                                 Canyons                                            Valley
















                   -  The areas that were eroded in                   -  They are lowland areas in
                                  mountains.                                 between mountains.

                    -  Their walls are usually very                -  They have gently sloped sides
                     high, steep, narrow and consist                   that usually surround a wide,
                         of many layers of rocks.                                   flat land.

                             -  Both of them can be formed by rivers or streams.
                   -  Both of them often have rivers or streams flow through the lowest
                                                              points.



                          Geologists study the layers of rocks in the canyon walls to

                          learn about kinds of living things existed there long ago.



                                Geologists: the scientists who study the rocks.





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