Page 9 - Mechatronics with Experiments
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CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 6 SENSORS 329 6.9.2 Temperature Sensors
Based on Resistance 382
6.1 Introduction to Measurement 6.9.3 Thermocouples 383
Devices 329 6.10 Flow Rate Sensors 385
6.2 Measurement Device Loading 6.10.1 Mechanical Flow Rate
Errors 333 Sensors 385
6.3 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit 335 6.10.2 Differential Pressure
6.3.1 Null Method 336 Flow Rate Sensors 387
6.3.2 Deflection Method 337 6.10.3 Flow Rate Sensor
6.4 Position Sensors 339 Based on Faraday’s
6.4.1 Potentiometer 339 Induction Principle 389
6.4.2 LVDT, Resolver, and 6.10.4 Thermal Flow Rate
Syncro 340 Sensors: Hot Wire
6.4.3 Encoders 346
Anemometer 390
6.4.4 Hall Effect Sensors 351
6.10.5 Mass Flow Rate
6.4.5 Capacitive Gap
Sensors: Coriolis Flow
Sensors 353
Meters 391
6.4.6 Magnetostriction
6.11 Humidity Sensors 393
Position Sensors 354 6.12 Vision Systems 394
6.4.7 Sonic Distance Sensors 356 6.13 GPS: Global Positioning System 397
6.4.8 Photoelectic Distance 6.13.1 Operating Principles of
and Presence Sensors 357 GPS 399
6.4.9 Presence Sensors: 6.13.2 Sources of Error in
ON/OFF Sensors 360 GPS 402
6.5 Velocity Sensors 362 6.13.3 Differential GPS 402
6.5.1 Tachometers 362 6.14 Problems 403
6.5.2 Digital Derivation of
Velocity from Position CHAPTER 7 ELECTROHYDRAULIC
Signal 364 MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 407
6.6 Acceleration Sensors 365
6.6.1 Inertial 7.1 Introduction 407
Accelerometers 366 7.2 Fundamental Physical
6.6.2 Piezoelectric Principles 425
Accelerometers 370 7.2.1 Analogy Between
6.6.3 Strain-gauge Based Hydraulic and
Accelerometers 371 Electrical Components 429
6.7 Strain, Force, and Torque 7.2.2 Energy Loss and
Sensors 372 Pressure Drop in
6.7.1 Strain Gauges 372 Hydraulic Circuits 431
6.7.2 Force and Torque 7.3 Hydraulic Pumps 437
Sensors 373 7.3.1 Types of Positive
6.8 Pressure Sensors 376 Displacement Pumps 438
6.8.1 Displacement Based 7.3.2 Pump Performance 443
Pressure Sensors 378 7.3.3 Pump Control 448
6.8.2 Strain-Gauge Based 7.4 Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic
Pressure Sensor 379 Cylinder and Rotary Motor 457
6.8.3 Piezoelectric Based 7.5 Hydraulic Valves 461
Pressure Sensor 380 7.5.1 Pressure Control
6.8.4 Capacitance Based Valves 463
Pressure Sensor 380 7.5.2 Example: Multi
6.9 Temperature Sensors 381 Function Hydraulic
6.9.1 Temperature Sensors Circuit with Poppet
Based on Dimensional Valves 469
Change 381 7.5.3 Flow Control Valves 471
