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make	marketing	communications	more	effective.
   Synecdoche	works	because	people	are	interested	in	other	people,	and	stories

are	about	people.	Gerry	Spence’s	story	of	a	person	wronged	by	excessive	police
force	 does	 not	 need	 the	 words	 “pain”	 and	 “injustice.”	 His	 vivid	 story	 makes
jurors	feel	the	pain	and	injustice.

   Like	 clever	 journalists	 and	 great	 lawyers,	 marketers	 who	 tell	 true	 stories
make	 their	 presentations	 more	 interesting,	 more	 personal,	 more	 credible,	 and
more	felt—and	more	persuasive.

   Don’t	use	adjectives.	Use	stories.

Attack	the	Stereotype

	

Almost	every	well-known	service	suffers	from	a	well-known	stereotype.
   Accountants	are	humorless.
   Lawyers	are	greedy.
   Collections	agencies	are	bullies.
   Doctors	keep	you	waiting.
   The	stereotype	of	your	service	is	the	first	thing	that	a	prospect	thinks	about.	It

is	the	first	hurdle	you	must	jump,	and	the	first	one	over	usually	wins.
   Attack	your	first	weakness:	the	stereotype	the	prospect	has	about	you.

Don’t	Say	It,	Prove	It

	

Carolyn	 Adams,	 then	 circulation	 director	 of	 the	 Utne	 Reader,	 once	 sent	 me	 the
magazine’s	 subscription	 solicitation	 letters	 for	 the	 past	 ten	 years.	 She	 said	 they
never	had	written	a	letter	that	could	outperform	the	first	one,	written	by	a	famous
copywriter.

   The	 first	 letter	 was	 the	 best	 example	 of	 good,	 readable	 writing.	 It	 was
specific,	 not	 general.	 It	 was	 concrete,	 not	 abstract.	 It	 used	 vivid	 and	 familiar
examples	to	make	its	points.	The	last	sentence	of	each	paragraph	enticed	you	to
read	 the	 first	 sentence	 of	 the	 next.	 The	 writer	 never	 used	 two	 words	 when	 one
would	do.

   The	 difference	 in	 this	 letter	 wasn’t	 direct-marketing	 gimmicks	 and	 tricks.	 It
wasn’t	 the	 teaser	 headline	 on	 the	 envelope;	 it	 didn’t	 have	 one.	 It	 wasn’t	 the
shrewd	use	of	the	P.S.;	it	didn’t	have	one	of	those,	either.

   This	 letter	 was	 just	 good	 communication.	 It	 never	 said	 that	 the	 Utne	 Reader
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