+ = + + ( + ) = ( + ) +
[ × ( + ) = ( × ) + ( × )] [( + ) × = ( × ) + ( × )]
(4 )
2
2
(4 ) = 4 × 4 → (4.4) × ( . )
2
2
= 4 ×
2
= 16
2 3
(2 )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 3
(2 ) = 2xy × 2xy × 2xy → (2.2.2) × (x. x. x) × (y . y . y )
3
3
= 2 × x × y 2×3
= y
( − 1)
2
2
2
2
( − 1) = − × −
2
4
= − − 2
4
= − 2