Page 102 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Physical geography is an introduction to basic science principles in the fields of
Geomorphology, Hydrology, Climatology, Pedology, Glaciology and Biogeography.
Systems and Models
 Systems have a structure that is defined by its parts and processes.
 Systems are generalizations of reality.
 Systems tend to work in the same way. This involves the inputs and outputs of material that
is then processed causing it to change in some way.
 The various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between
each other.
 The fact that functional relationships exist between the parts suggests the flow and transfer
of some type of energy and/or matter.
 Systems can be classified into Isolated System, Closed System, Open System,
Morphological System, Cascading System, Process-Response System, Control System and
Ecosystem.
 Within the boundary of a system we can find three kinds of properties.
 Elements – They are the kinds of parts that make up a system. These parts may be
atoms or molecules, or large bodies of matter like sand grains, rain drops, plants,
animals, etc.
 Attributes – Characteristics of the elements that may be perceived and measured.
 Relationships – Occurs between elements and attributes. These associations are based
on cause and effect.
Energy and Matter
 Energy - Capacity to do work.
 Matter is the material (atoms and molecules) that constructs things on the Earth and in the
Universe. Albert Einstein suggested early in this century that energy and matter are related
to each other at the atomic level.

 Some forms of energy include heat, electricity, sound, energy of chemical reactions,
magnetic attraction, energy of atomic reactions, and light.
 There are few types of energy which are as follows:
 Radiation– Emission of energy from a material object in the form of electromagnetic
waves and photons.
 Chemical Energy- Energy produced or consumed in chemical reactions.
 Atomic Energy – Energy released from an atomic nucleus because of a change in its

subatomic mass.
 Electrical Energy – Energy produced from the force between two objects having the
physical property of electrical charge.
 Heat Energy– Energy created by the combined internal motion of atoms in a substance.

 In three ways energy can be transferred from one place to another: Conduction,
Convection and Radiation.

 Matter is the material that makes up things in the Universe. All matter on the Earth is
constructed of elements.

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