Page 115 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Population geography can essentially be split into two categories: demography and spatial
demography.
 Demography is the measurement of human characteristics, including not only basic statistics
on race, age, and gender, but also measurements of education, housing, income, and
employment.
 Demography also encompasses characteristics of a specific area, like population density,
crime rate, and unemployment rate.
 Generally, populations grow over an extended period of time.

 To effectively analyze population growth, geographers use a variety of measurements:
 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) measures all live births per 1000 people.
 Crude Death Rate (CDR) measures all deaths per 1000 people.
 In this case, the age or cause of death does not matter.
 The Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) is calculated by subtracting the Crude Death Rate from
the Crude Birth Rate (CBR – CDR = RNI)
 TFR (Total Fertility Rate) measures the number of children a woman is potentially able to
have.
 These four measurements provide valuable data to population geographers as to why
populations grow or decline in specific time periods.
Effects of overpopulation
Depletion of natural resources
 The depletion of resources can also lead to air, water, soil and noise pollution.
 It might also lead to deforestation and vicariously the destruction of various ecosystems on
both land and in the water.
Species extinction
 This refers to both the population that becomes overpopulated as well as the surrounding
species that might be effected by their overpopulation.

High infant and child mortality rates
 This is not to imply that the adult population will not be effected by overpopulation but
instead that the effects on the child and infant populations will be exacerbated by poverty.
 This concept is evidenced by the decreasing trend of child and infant mortalities as the
wealth trend increases.
Increased prevalence of epidemics and pandemics
Overcrowding, malnutrition, and inadequate health care all combine to create a breeding ground
for disease.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition is the act of being under nourished not underfed, the common misconception is that
there is not enough food but in reality there is a lack of balanced diet.
 Lower life expectancy.
 Unhygienic living conditions.
 Elevated crime rates – Desperate times call for desperate measures. War is merely a
nationwide escalation of this elevated crime rate.
 As noted earlier, population geography as an independent sub-field of human geography is
a comparatively recent phenomenon.

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