Page 59 - Medicinal Plants_PharmD general

The vacuole

Vacuole may occupy the majority of space within many cells. They
are bounded by the tonoplast and are essentially aqueous, containing
various materials such as calcium oxalate, silica, mineral salts, reserve
proteins, starch, hesperidin and most of the secondary metabolites that are
of pharmacognostical significance. All these occur either in solution in the
vascular sap or as deposits. They are found in both animal and plant cells
but are much larger in plant cells.

Golgi Bodies (Apparatus)

Membrane-bound organelle that is made up of a series of flattened,
stacked pouches called cisternae. It is found next to the endoplasmic
reticulum and near the nucleus. It is responsible for transporting,
modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to
targeted destinations. It is also involved in both glycoprotein and
polysaccharide synthesis.

The cell wall

Outside the plasmalemma, and surrounding the entire protoplast, is
a rigid wall. The first wall formed by the protoplast is the primary wall, and
it is composed mainly of cellulose. The primary walls are cemented
together by an intercellular substance, called the middle lamella which is
characterized by pectins and certain other substances.

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