Page 3 - Cell biology PDG 2024

Figure 1: bacterial cell ...................................................................................................5
Figure 2:prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.........................................................................6
Figure۳ : the cell membrane ..........................................................................................7
Figure 4: action potential...............................................................................................9
Figure 5: propagation of action potential.......................................................................10
Figure 6: plant cell versus animal cell ............................................................................11
Figure 7: cilia and flagella.............................................................................................12
Figure 8: endocytosis ..................................................................................................19
Figure 9:exocytosis .....................................................................................................20
Figure 10: osmosis and RBCs ........................................................................................22
Figure 11: osmosis and plant cell ..................................................................................23
Figure 12: enzyme linked receptors ..............................................................................27
Figure 13: ion channel receptors ..................................................................................28
Figure 14: G protein coupled receptors .........................................................................30
Figure 15: receptor tyrosine kinase ...............................................................................31
Figure 16: PI3K/AKT pathway .......................................................................................32
Figure 17: different types of cell communications...........................................................36
Figure 18: Krebs cycle..................................................................................................39
Figure 19: electron transport chain ...............................................................................40
Figure 20: DNA double helix structure ...........................................................................43
Figure 21: DNA replication ...........................................................................................45
Figure 22: the Lac operon ............................................................................................54
Figure 23: Lac operon expression..................................................................................55
Figure 24: Lac operon activation of expression...............................................................56
Figure 25: miRNA........................................................................................................57
Figure 26: siRNA .........................................................................................................58
Figure 27: Ubiquitination of proteins.............................................................................59
Figure 28: proteosome structure ..................................................................................60
Figure 29: cloning .......................................................................................................62
Figure 30: production of recombinant insulin.................................................................64

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