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1864: British, French, Dutch and American war- 1869: Shigenobu Okuma becomes vice-minister of
ships bomb Choshu and open more Japa-
C finance
h nese ports for foreigners
a 1869: The government begins colonization of Hok
p
t 1865: Samurai of humble origins (led by Takayoshi - kaido
e Kido) win the civil war in Choshu
r 1869: Yukichi Fukuzawa's "Conditions in the
1866: Takamori Saigo of Satsuma and Takayoshi West launches the wave of Westernization
Kido of Choshu form a secret alliance in Kyo-
to 1869: Chushu, Satsuma, Hizen and Tosa voluntar-
ily offer their territories to the emperor
1867: Keiki Tokugawa/ Yoshinobu ascends to the
shogunate in Kyoto while emperor Komei 1869: The Confucian school of Edo becomes
dies and is succeeded by the 14-year old son Western-style university (later renamed
Mutsuhito University of Tokyo)
1870: Meiji dismantles the feudal system and for-
1868: Choshu and Satsuma force the shogun
Yoshinobu to resign, the Tokugawa dynasty bids the lords from retaining private armies
ends, and the emperor (or "mikado") Meiji
is restored, but with capital in Edo/Tokyo and
divine attributes
6