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1864:   British, French, Dutch and American war-        1869:   Shigenobu Okuma becomes vice-minister of
                ships   bomb Choshu and open more Japa-
   C                                                                     finance
   h            nese ports  for foreigners
   a                                                             1869:   The government begins colonization of Hok
   p
   t     1865:   Samurai of humble origins (led by Takayoshi            -  kaido
   e            Kido) win the civil war in Choshu
   r                                                             1869:   Yukichi Fukuzawa's "Conditions in the
         1866:   Takamori Saigo of Satsuma and Takayoshi                West   launches the wave of Westernization
                 Kido of Choshu form a secret alliance in Kyo-
                to                                               1869:   Chushu, Satsuma, Hizen and Tosa voluntar-
                                                                        ily  offer their territories to the emperor
         1867:   Keiki Tokugawa/ Yoshinobu ascends to the
                 shogunate in Kyoto while emperor Komei          1869:   The Confucian school of Edo becomes
                 dies and is succeeded by the 14-year old son           Western-style university (later renamed
                 Mutsuhito                                              University  of Tokyo)
                                                                 1870:   Meiji dismantles the feudal system and for-
         1868:   Choshu and Satsuma force the shogun
                 Yoshinobu to resign, the Tokugawa dynasty               bids the lords from retaining private armies
                 ends, and the emperor (or "mikado") Meiji
                 is restored, but with capital in Edo/Tokyo and
                 divine attributes























































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