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Answer Book p. A5

AGE OF THE EARTH |Vocabulary | PART A
01 The word “ Nevertheless ” in the passage is closest in meaning to CH 01

(A) Otherwise
1 Calculating the age of the Earth has been a problem that philosophers, scientists, and historians have been (B) However
tackling for ages. Before the advent of modern-day radiometric dating, pinpointing the age of the Earth was (C) Finally
open to great interpretation. (D) Consequently

2 Though many had put an age to the Earth, the first to employ a scientific approach was Lord Kelvin in the |Vocabulary |
nineteenth century. His estimate of 100 million years was based on his calculations of heat transfer within the 02 The word “ proposed ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Earth and from the Sun to the Earth. However, the mathematical model he developed did not include nuclear (A) suggested
(B) objected to
fusion, which creates the heat in the Sun, or plate tectonics — scientific discoveries that were not made until
(C) persisted in
much later. Nevertheless , though his estimate was incorrect, it is recognized as one of the first to employ the
(D) finished
scientific method in determining the age of the Earth.

|Vocabulary |
3 In 1899, Irish physicist John Joly proposed using the salinity of the world’s oceans to calculate the age of the
03 The phrase “ most compelling ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
ocean, and by extension, the age of the Earth. Theorizing that the salt in the ocean must have come from the
(A) most dangerous
erosion of the land into the sea, he proposed that the ocean’s age could be calculated by knowing the amount
(B) easiest
of salt that is added each year. Using this approach, Joly calculated the age of the world’s oceans to be (C) strongest
between 80 to 100 million years. Though accepted as the most compelling idea at first, his approach was (D) most unexpected TOEFL iBT i Reading
soon criticized for being inaccurate. However, his idea of measuring elements of matter on the Earth drove
him and other scientists to consider new possibilities. |Reference |
04 The word “ this ” in the passage refers to
4 With the discovery of radiation in 1896, scientists began to devise ever more accurate means of measurement. (A) Holmes’ discovery

In 1913, British geologist Arthur Holmes developed a method to measure the age of minerals using radiometric (B) radiometric dating
(C) age of the Earth
dating. His initial estimates put the Earth’s age at around 1.6 billion years. Yet as he refined his method, his
(D) universe
estimate of the Earth’s age continued to grow.

|Factual Information |
5 Since Holmes’ discovery, scientists have developed and refined the technique of radiometric dating to a great
05 According to the passage, which of the following is true of John Joly?
degree. Today, radiometric dating has put the age of the Earth to be 4.56 billion years. But this is still much
(A) He developed the theory of radiometric dating.
younger than the universe, which is estimated to have come into being 13.7 billion years ago.
(B) He was the first to use the scientific method in calculating the age of the Earth.
(C) He failed to include nuclear fusion in his theory.
(D) He calculated the ocean’s age to determine the age of the Earth.

34 PART A Question Types Chapter 01 Vocabulary 35