Page 12 - 4. Pre-Course Reading-Training on Forestry Audit 2019

Auditing Forests: Guidance for Supreme Audit Institutions

By comparison, the United Nations Environment Programme/ 1.2 FOREST CATEGORIES
Convention on Biological Diversity (UNEP/CBD) (2002), also
gives a brief definition of forest as:
However, the many definitions of forests do fit into two more
A land area of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover general categories, according to FAO (2005):
of more than 10 percent, which is not primarily under agri-
culture or other specific non-forest land use. In the case of 1. Naturally regenerated forests
young forest or regions where tree growth is climatically There are two kinds of naturally regenerated forest:
suppressed, the trees should be capable of reaching a height • Natural regeneration (with assistance). Forests established
of 5 m in situ, and of meeting the canopy cover requirement.
by natural regeneration, with deliberate silvicultural assis-
tance from man. The source of seed or vegetative repro-
duction is natural so this is a natural forest assisted by man.
The range and diversity of these definitions demonstrate
the diverse perceptions that different countries bring to their This is not clearly a man-made or natural forest.
understanding of what constitutes a forest. Some may view • Natural regeneration (without assistance). Forests estab-
a forest as an ecosystem whereas others may see it as little lished by natural regeneration without deliberate assistance
as more than an area of land suitable for exploitation. In from man. These included virgin forests and those regene-
general, these different perceptions will shape the roles and rated by natural means. This is clearly a natural forest.
12 responsibilities ascribed to a particular government in terms of
managing the forests. The broader the definition, the broader
the government’s role and range of responsibility in managing 2. Planted forests
forests, and vice versa.
Planted forests are generally defined according to the extent
of human intervention in the forest’s establishment and/or
management. And this in turn depends largely on the purpose
of growing the forest.

The main categories of planted forest are set out in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2
Categories of planted forest

FOREST CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITION

PRIMARy FOREST / Primary forest/other wooded land is forest/other wooded land of native species, where there is no clearly visible indications of
OTHER WOODED LAND human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed, that includes areas where collection of Non Wood
Forest Products (NWFPs) occur, provided the human impact is small. Some trees may have been removed.
MODIFIED NATURAL FOREST / Modified natural forest/other wooded land is forest/other wooded land of naturally regenerated native species where there are
OTHER WOODED LAND clearly visible indications of human activities that includes, but is not limited to selectively logged-over areas, naturally regenerating
areas following agricultural land use, areas recovering from human induced fires, etc.; areas where it is not possible to distinguish
whether the regeneration has been natural or assisted.
SEMI-NATURAL FOREST / Semi-natural forest/other wooded land is forest/other wooded land of native species, established through planting, seeding
OTHER WOODED LAND or assisted natural regeneration that includes areas under intensive management where native species are used and delibe-
rate efforts are made to increase/optimize the proportion of desirable species, thus leading to changes in the structure and
composition of the forest. Naturally regenerated trees from other species than those planted/seeded may be present.
Semi-natural forest include areas with naturally regenerated trees of introduced species and areas under intensive manage-
ment where deliberate efforts, such as thinning or fertilizing, are made to improve or optimize desirable functions of the forest.
These efforts may lead to changes in the structure and composition of the forest.
PRODUCTIVE PLANTATION Productive plantation is forest/other wooded land of introduced species and in some cases native species, established through
(IN FOREST / OTHER wOODED planting or seeding, mainly for production of wood or non-wood goods that includes all stands of introduced species established
LAND) for production of wood or non-wood goods and areas of native species characterized by few species, straight tree lines and/or
even-aged stands.
PROTECTIVE PLANTATION Protective plantation is forest/other wooded land of native or introduced species, established through planting or seeding mainly for
(IN FOREST / OTHER wOODED provision of services that includes all stands of introduced species established for provision of environmental services, such as soil
LAND) and water protection, pest control and conservation of habitats of biological diversity; areas of native species characterized by few
species, straight tree lines and even-aged stands.
Source: FAO Forestry Paper: Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005)

These categories are further represented in the following table. This table can be read from left to right as a continuum, starting from
totally natural forest on the left, through to planted plantations and trees outside the forest on the right.