Page 159 - The Miracle in the Cell

HARUN YAHYA

Glucose
Glucose Glycolysis
ADP
Pyruvate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Krebs
cycle
Fructose-6-phosphate Electron
transport
ADP
phosphory-
lation
Fructose-6-biphosphate

NAD + PGAL PGAL
NAD +
P I P I

1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid
Glycolysis takes
ADP ADP Two ATPs are pro- place in the
duced during the cytoplasm of
phosphorylation of the cell.
substrate.
3-PGA
The product is 3-PGA
sent to the
second stage
of reactions.
2-PGA 2-PGA Figure 8.3
H O H O The first steps of
2
2
glycolysis start with
an input of energy;
PEP PEP
without energy the
ADP ADP Two ATPs are pro- reaction cannot
duced during the
phosphorylation of start. Enzymes
substrate. transfer two phos-
phate groups from
Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid
ATP to glucose,
thereby initiating
its change.
This first step leads to the formation of two molecules of PGAL (phosphoglycer-
aldehyde), which indicates the start of energy production. Enzymes transfer the
protons and electrons they obtain from PGAL to NAD+ to produce two molecules
of NADH. After receiving protons and electrons, NAD+ becomes activated and
then returns these to its surroundings, thereby forming NADH+. Later on, each
substrate group gives a phosphate group to ADP, to form two ATPs. The same
processes are carried out for four ATPs. For every four ATPs produced, two ATPs
are used at the start of glycolysis, resulting in a net two ATPs being produced.

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