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The Various Ideologies of Romanticism




                 n the previous section we looked at the effects of romanticism
                 resulting from "romantic nationalism." Now let us look at some of
            Ithe other manifestations of romanticism to see some of those
            calamities it has brought upon humanity. The first ideology we must       41
            examine is one equally as appalling as romantic nationalism: that is,
            communism.



                 Communist Romanticism
                 Communism was incepted as a supposed ideology of reason. Its
            founders, Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) had
            adopted the philosophy of materialism which, they thought, they
            could apply to the social sciences and explain the "laws of history."
            Marx distinguished various stages of history: advanced countries of
            the time, such as England, were living in the "capitalist phase." He
            predicted that, after this phase, there would inevitably follow a
            workers' revolution which would begin the socialist phase. He also
            predicted that this revolution would happen spontaneously, that is,
            arising from the initiative of the workers themselves, and that it would
            happen in England and other industrialised countries.
                 Marx's predictions did not come true, however. The fact that they
            would not materialise was evident within 30-40 years after his death.
            There was no revolution in England or in any other industrialised
            country; on the contrary, the social and economic conditions for
            workers improved.


                 Communism's Claim to Rationality is False

                 Marx's theory, then, should be considered as one of the many
            historical errors committed in the name of "social science," and should
            therefore have been abandoned. But, such was not the case. A group of
            individuals styling themselves "Marxists" attempted, with difficulty,
            to actualise Marx's unfounded predictions. Although the revolution
            Marx said would happen "spontaneously" did not come about at all,
            Marxists sought to incite the revolution through the establishment of
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