Page 234 - Mastermind: The Truth of the British Deep State Revealed

dul Hamid II rule. Beşir Fuad was heavily influenced by evolutionist/mate-

rialist thinkers such as Claude Bernard and Ludwig Büchner. He committed
suicide at the age of 35 and wrote down how he felt as he slipped away. He

said that he did this to leave a scientific understanding as to what one feels
at time of death. This suicide created shock waves in the Ottoman society,

which up to that point was quite unfamiliar with the concept of suicide, and
triggered a suicide trend in Istanbul.

Baha Tevfik: Became an evolutionist at the School of Political Sciences
during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. He argued for unconditional Western-

ization. In an article he wrote for the journal Felsefe (Philosophy), he claimed
that a philosopher had to be a scientist and definitely a materialist. To him

metaphysics was 'empty and negative' and contradicted science. In his book
Hassasiyet Bahsi ve Yeni Ahlak (Issue of Sensitivities and New Morality), he

rejected religious moral values. His so-called solution for the future of the hu-
manity was communism and anarchy. He believed that the future could be

revived with scientific anarchy.

Hüseyin Hilmi: It is reported that he got his communist ideals from Ba-
ha Tevfik. In the journal İştirak (The Participation) that he published in 1910,

he wrote several pieces on Marxism.

Subhi Edhem: A teacher of history of nature, he was also an author at
Servet-i Fünun (Wealth of Knowledge). Taught Lamarckism and Darwinism

during his lectures.

Ethem Nejat: Became an evolutionist together with Baha Tevfik. He was

also writing for İçtihad (The Opinion) magazine of Abdullah Cevdet. He was
the founding general secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey.

Memduh Süleyman: Translated Eduard von Hartmann's book Wahrheit

und Irrtum im Darwinismus, and co-authored Nietzsche'nin Hayatı ve Felse-

fesi (Nietzsche's Life and Philosophy) with Baha Tevfik. He was one of the ide-
ologues of Ottoman Socialist Party.

Celal Nuri İleri: Believed that matter didn't have a beginning or an end.

After reading Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet's Discours sur l'histoire universelle
(Discourse on Universal History), he became an evolutionist and argued in his

Mastermind: The Truth of the British Deep State Revealed