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Ethics in research

and its paramount importance

Ethics is a set of rules in the form of written and unwritten that

control expectations while research ethics refer to control and conduc-
tion of scientific research that is performed in a research institute. In

other words, it defines rules that differentiate between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior. Despite ethical codes in research involving
animal or human subjects, research ethics also include standards of

conduct.

There are few im-
portance of research eth-

ics such as expanding
knowledge, supporting
moral and social values Examples of Research
ethics application
( prevent harm to others)
and encouraging mutual Clinical Research involving
respect and fairness. Ethics committees usually involve universities to Human/Animal Subjects

guide and prevent any misconduct of research either for postgraduate Human subject protection
or undergraduate study. Animal care and use

An example of an ethics committee in Malaysia is the Medical Copyright and patenting

Review & Ethics Committee (MREC) under the Ministry of Health
(MOH) with the purpose of safeguarding the rights, welfare and safety

of subjects that are participating in research.

The Nuremberg Code 1947

The Nuremberg Code became the first codification of research guidelines to protect human subjects. Nurem-
berg Trial 1947 caused Nazi doctors and scientists put on trial for the murder of concentration camp inmates who
were used as research subjects.

The ten points of the code were given in the section of the verdict entitled "Permissible Medical Experiments"
 The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
 The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other meth-
ods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature
 The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of
the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the per-
formance of the experiment.