Page 81 - The prevalence of the Val66Met polymorphism in musicians: Possible evidence for compensatory neuroplasticity from a pilot study

4 | M. R. Zandoná et al. Porto Alegre (n = 423) São Leopoldo (n = 322) P-value

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the two cohorts at birth and over the years
ORIGINALRESEARCH Boy (%) 50.7 57.6 <0.001 † † † † † † †
Characteristic
0.059
43.0
0.001
55.9
Ethnicity (whites) %
25.5
0.199
Maternal age at child’s birth <20 years (%)
29.8
96.3
45.7
Monthly household income <$500 (%)
70.2
28.3
<0.001
Maternal schooling >8 years (%)
35.4
33.6
Employed mother (%)
0.612
Exclusive breastfeeding <4 months (%)
74.7
0.016
66.4
At birth
3.36 ± 0.46
3.29 ± 0.52
Weight (kg)
Length (cm)
48.79 ± 2.00
0.031
49.21 ± 3.19
0.057
Length/age Z-score
1 year 0.26 ± 1.29 0.40 ± 1.03 0.053 ‡ § ‡
Weight (kg) 10.12 ± 1.29 9.92 ± 1.19 0.033 ‡
Length (cm) 74.8 ± 3.0 75.3 ± 3.1 0.037 ‡
BMI Z-score 0.99 ± 1.03 0.61 ± 1.09 <0.001 ‡
Length/age Z-score 0.03 ± 0.93 0.32 ± 1.09 <0.001 ‡
Overweight (%) 47.0 35.2 0.003 †
Obesity (%) 18.0 9.4 0.001 †
3.2 years*/3.9 years**
Weight (kg) 15.80 ± 2.32 16.82 ± 2.58 <0.001 ‡
Height (cm) 93.8 ± 4.4 103.1 ± 4.6 <0.001 ‡
BMI Z-score 0.87 ± 1.25 0.22 ± 0.99 <0.001 §
Length/age Z-score 0.15 ± 1.04 0.06 ± 1.04 <0.006 ‡
Overweight (%) 42.3 19.1 <0.001 †
Obesity (%) 16.6 4.4 <0.001 †
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or percentage. n.a., data not available.
Children were classified as overweight when BMI-Z was > +1 and obese when BMI-Z was > +2.*Porto Alegre children were followed-up until 3.2 years old
‡
†
§
**São Leopoldo children were followed-up until 3.9 years old. Chi square test. Student’s T-test. Mann–Whitney U-test.
Table 2 Minor allele frequencies for the polymorphisms analyzed
Nearest gene Chr SNP MA HapMap HapMap HapMap São Porto P-value ¶
CEU † YRI ‡ CHB/JPT § Leopoldo Alegre
NEGR1 1 rs2815752 G 0.36 0.47 0.08/0.05 0.34 0.33 0.811
SEC16B 1 rs10913469 C 0.25 0.34 0.24/0.26 0.17 0.18 0.755
TMEM18 2 rs6548238 T 0.15 0.10 n.a./0.18 0.15 0.12 0.276
BDNF 11 rs6265 A 0.19 0.004 0.37/0.42 0.15 0.14 0.748
BDNF 11 rs10767664 T 0.20 0.04 n.a./0.35 0.17 0.16 0.834
OLFM4 13 rs9568856 A 0.13 0.31 0.20/0.30 0.22 0.25 0.397
SH2B1 16 rs7498665 G 0.38 0.21 0.13/0.18 0.39 0.39 0.958
HOXB5 17 rs9299 C 0.37 0.90 0.39/0.49 0.43 0.47 0.397
MC4R 18 rs17782313 C 0.26 0.31 0.24/0.23 0.17 0.20 0.348
KCTD15 19 rs11084753 A 0.31 0.31 0.67/0.62 0.33 0.36 0.394
† ‡ § ¶
European population. Sub-Saharan African population. Asian populations. Chi-square test between Porto Alegre and São Leopoldo localities. CEU, Utah
residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe; CHB, Han Chinese in Beijing, China; Chr, chromosome; JPT, Japanese in Tokyo, Japan; MA,
minor allele; n.a., data not available; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; YRI, Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria.

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