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a-e-¦-c k`m- N-cn-{Xw-
b-Xm-bpw-, C-h-cn-Â- am-Wn-¡- hm-N-I-À- 3. am-À- k_-dotimbpsS
F-¶- -ssih-kn-²-³- Xt±io-b- {In- Ip-Sntbäw-
kvXym-\n-Isf ssih-a-X-¯nte¡v
B-I-À-jn-¨-Xm-bpw- N-cn-{X-ap-ïv.
AD 823 - Â- am-À- kmt_mÀ- ( km-¸n-À- )
am-À- -t{]m¯v F-¶o- -sa{Xm-·m-cpw- kn-
am-Wn-¡- hm-N-I-cm-Â- kvYm-]n-X-am-b- dn-b-³- I-¨-h-S- Ip-Spw-_-§-fpw- -tIc-f- Xo-
am-Wn-{Km-a-¡m-À-¡v - X-cn-km-¸-Ån- -sN-
ct¯¡v Ip-Sntbdn-. Cu- -sa{Xm-·m-cpsS
t¸Sn-Â- H-«-\-h-[n- A-[n-Im-cw- \-Â-Ip- -t\Xr-X-z-¯n-Â- [m-cm-fw- ]-Ån-I-Ä- ]
¶-Xm-b- ]-cm-a-À-i-ap-ïv F-¶-Xm-Wv
p-\-À-\n-À-½n-¡-bpw- ]p-Xn-b- kaq-l-
C-Xn-sâ N-cn-{X- {]-kàn-.
§-Ä- kvYm-]n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- -sNbvX-Xm-
bn- ]-d-bs¸Sp-¶p-. am-À- k_-dotimbm-
2. Iv\m-bnt¯m½-sâ Wv X-cn-km-¸-Ån- -sN-t¸Sv F-¶- -sN¼v
Ip-Sntbäw- im-k\-¯n-Â- -sImÃs¯ `-c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶- A-¿-\m-{Zn-I-fn-Â-
- satkm-t¸m-t«man-b-³- {]tZis¯ \n-¶pw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- {]-[m-\-am-bpw-
km-kv\n-b-³- -t]À-jy-³- km-{am-Py- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hs«gp-¯v en-]n-bn-Â- 6
¯n-Â- \n-¶pw- a-X-]o-U-\s¯ ¡-S-¶v ^-e-I-§-fn-em-bm-Wv Cu-
hym-]m-c- am-À-¤-¯n-eqsS ( Sea Route ) im-k\w-. -sImÃw- F-¶- hm-Wn-Py-
-tIc-f- Xo-cs¯¯n-b- b-lq-Z- - kp- \-K-c-¯n-sâ kvYm-]-I-³- B-bm-Wv
dn-bm-\n- ]-Ým-¯-e-ap-Å- {In-kvXy-³- am-À- k_-dotim-sb {]-kvXp-X- -sN-
kaq-l-hpw- A-Xn-sâ -t\Xm-hp-am- t¸Sv hntijn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. -sImÃ-
bn-cp-¶- Iv\m-bn- -tXmam-bpw- B-Wv h-À-jw- F-¶- \-½psS a-e-bm-f- I-e-
Cu- Ip-Sntbäw- \-S-¯n-b-Xv. ï-À- B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xpw- AD 825
km-kn-\m-Uv -t]À-jym-bnse cm-Pm-hm- - Â- BsW¶-Xpw- -s{i²n-¡p-atÃm a-c-
bn-cp-¶- jm-¸q-À- c-ïm-a-sâ Im-es¯ Wm-\-´-cw- am-À- kmt_mdpw- am-À- -
a-X-]o-U-\-am-Wv {In-kvXym-\n-Isf - t{]m¯pw- I-µo-i-§-Ä-(hn-ip-²-À- )
t]À-jym-bn-Â- \n-¶pw- F-¶v kp-dn-bm-\n- {In-kvXym-\n-I-fm-Â-
Ip-Sntbdm-³-Im-c-W-am-¡n-b-Xv. -tIc-f- hm-gv¯s¸Sp-I-bpw- A-h-cpsS \m-a-
kp-dn-bm-\n-¡m-cn-Â- -sX¡pw-`m-K-À-, ¯n-Â- ]-Ån-I-Ä- ]-Wn-bn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw-
Iv\m-\m-b-¡m-À- F-¶- t]cn-em-bn- -sNbvXp-. F-¶m-Â-, ]n-¶o-Sp-ïm-b- D-Z-bw
kp-dn-bm-\n- It¯men-¡m-, kp-dn-bm-\n- t]cq-À- A-[n-\nthi-¯n-Â- -tZmw- -sa-s\
Hm-Àt¯m-tUmIvkv hn-`m-K-§-fn-Â- kn-kv C-h-cpsS \m-a-¯n-Â- D-Å- ]-Ån-
-t{]-tXyI- `-c-W-, kap-Zm-b- Isf X-{´-]-c-am-bn- -tdma-³-
hy-àn-X-zt¯m-sS C-h-À- C-¶pw- \n-e C-c-«- k-tlmZ-c-³-am-cm-b- ( hn-ip-²-À- )
sImÅp-¶p-. K-À-Æm-ko-kn-sâbpw- -t{]m¯m-ko-kn-
sâbpw- \-½-¯nte¡v am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-
bvXp-.-
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aWn-hn-f-¡v “ --sabv 2024 29
