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a-e-¦-c k`m- N-cn-{Xw-
sN-t¸Sp-I-Ä- ¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v Xs¶ -tIc-f-¯n-Â- A-Xv
{]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶psh¶v “ -tIc-f- N-cn-{X-
X-cn-km-¸-Ån- -sN-t¸Sv, C-c-hnt¡À-¯-³- ¯n-Â- “ F-. {io-[-c- -ta-t\m³- -tcJs¸Sp-
-sN-t¸Sv, -t]À-jy-³- -sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp-¶- ¯p-¶p-ïv. F-´m-bm-epw- AD 1 ap-
am-À- bmt¡m_n-sâ -ssIh-i-ap-ïm- X-Â- 5 hscbp-Å- Im-e-¯v -tIc-ftam,
bn-cp-¶- H-³-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïnte-sX¶v a-e-_m-À-, -sIm¨n-, -thWm-Sv F-¶o- cm-Py-
I-cp-Xp-¶- asämcp- -sN-t¸Sv. ( {_n-«o-jv §tfm C-Ã-. ]p-cm-X-\- X-an-g-I-¯n-sâ
ayq-kn-b-¯n-Â- C-Xn-sâ -t]mÀ-¯p-Ko- `m-K-am-Wv A-¶v \-½psS Cu- `q-hn-`m-Kw-.
kv ]-cn-`m-j-bp-ïv ). C-h-bm-Wv ]-¯mw- kw-L-Im-ew- F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶- -tNc- cm-
\q-äm-ïn-\v ap-¼p-Å- C-¶pw- \n-e-hn- Pm-¡-³-am-cpsS Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p- A-Xv.
ep-Å- {]-[m-\- N-cn-{X- -sXfn-hp-I-Ä-. A-Xn-Â- B-Zy- ]-¯p- cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS
C-¶v \mw- -tIc-f-¯n-Â- Im-Wp-¶- `-c-WtI{µ-hpw- kvar-Xn-I-fpw- C-¶s¯
]-e- kap-Zm-b-§-Ä-¡pw- X-§-fpsS h-S-¡-³- -tIc-f-¯n-epw- ]n-¶o-Sp-Å- 10
-tIc-f-¯nse ]-¯mw- \q-äm-ïn-\v ap- cm-Pm-¡-³-am-À- C-¶s¯ a-[y- -tIc-f-
¼p-Å- Im-es¯ en-Jn-X- N-cn-{X- -tcJ- ¯n-epw- `-cn-¨p- -t]m¶p- F-¶v N-cn-{X-
I-Ä- C-Ãmsb¶-Xpw- \mw- a-\-Ên-em-¡- hpw- km-£n-¡p-¶p-. A-¶v X-an-g-I-am-bn-
Ww-. cp-¶psh¦n-epw- -tNc-tNmf]m-ïy-, G-Xv
cm-P- `-c-W-¡m-e-¯pw- {In-kvXym-\n-I-
am-Àt¯m½m- \-{km-Wn-I-Ä- Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-hpw- -t{]-tXyI- A-[n-
Im-c-hpw- `-c-W-¯n-en-cp-¶-h-À- \-Â-In- -
A-Y-hm- F-W-§-À-
t]m¶n-cp-¶-Xpw- ]-e- -tcJ-I-fn-epw- Im-
Wmw-. A-¶s¯ {]-_-e- Pm-Xn-Itfm
D-Z-bwt]cq-À- kp-¶-ltZmkv -tcJ-I-
a-Xtam C-¶v -tIc-f-¯n-Â- {]-_-e- Pm-
fn-Â- -sshZo-I-c-Ãm-¯- P-\-§sf “
Xn-Itfm a-Xtam A-Ã-. Pq-X-À-, b-h-
F-W-§-À- “ F-¶m-Wv hntijn-¸n-¨n-cn-
\-À- ( {Ko-¡p-¡m-À- ) Hs¡ Ip-Sntbdn-
¡p-¶-Xv. “ ]-«-¡mscbpw- F-W-§sc
bn-cp-¶- kw-L-Im-e- -tIc-f- {]tZi-¯v
bpw- -tbmKw- Iq-«n- “ F-¶m-Wv kp-¶-l
B-cy-³-am-cpw- Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- F-¯n-
tZmkv Imt\m\-I-fn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡pw-. ]t£, A-h-À- {]-_-e-
N-cn-{X-¡m-c-\m-b- k¡-dn-bm-bpsS
i-àn-bm-b-Xv F-«mw- \q-äm-ïn-\v -tij-
A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-Â- am-Àt¯m½m- \-{km-
am-Wv F-¶-Xm-Wv N-cn-{X-hpw-.
Wn-I-Ä- kmtlmZ-cy-¯n-epw- ka-`m-h-
AD 190 - Â-, A-e-Ivkm-{Un-b-³- -ssZh-
\-bn-epw- h-À-¯n-¨n-cp-¶p-. C-W-¡-am-bn-
im-kv{X-Ú-\pw- k©m-cn-bp-am-b- ]
cp-¶p- A-h-cpsS -sI«p-]m-Sv.
t´\q-kv C-hnsS h-cn-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
C-hnsS {In-kvXym-\n-I-Ä- Dsï¶pw-
{In-kvXp-a-Xw- bqtdm¸n-Â- HutZymKn-
A-h-cpsS ]-¡-Â- -sl{_m-b- `m-j-
I-a-X-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-Itbm,
bn-ep-Å- a-¯m-bn-bpsS kp-hntijw-
]m-Ým-Xy- -s]uc-kvXy- -tdmam- km-{am-Py-
Xm-³- I-ïpsh¶pw- At±lw- km-
§-fn-Â- {]-Xn-jvT- -t\Sp-Itbm -sN¿p-
__________________________ £ys¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv.
aWn-hn-f-¡v | --sabv 2024
aWn-hn-f-¡v “ --sabv 2024 30
