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(B) The appendicular skeleton

1) The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs:

The pectoral girdle consists of two identical halves. Each half consists of scapula which

is a triangular dorsal bone, its inner end is broad while the outer end is pointed and has a
process attached to the clavicle, which is a ventral thin bone.
clavicle نم نوكتي :ىفرطلا لكيهلا ) ب (
At the outer end of the scapula there is a glenoid cavity scapula :نايولعلا نافرطلاو ىردصلا مازحلا )1(
through which the head of humerus fits in forming the
لك بكرتيو نيلثامتم نيف �ن نم ىرد م بكرتي
shoulder joint.
اهفرط لكس�ل� ةثلثم ةيرهظ ةمظع وهو فتكل حول نم ف
Each upper limb consists of: )ةوقرتل�( هب لس�تت ءوتن هب ببدم ىجراخل و ض�يرع ىلخ

a) Upper arm supported by one bone called humerus. humerus ىجراخل� فرطل� دنع دجويو ..ةعيفر ةينطاب ةمظع ىهو
ض�أ�ر هيف رقتس�ي ىذ��ل� حورأ فيوجتل فتكل حو��ل ةمظعل
b) Lower arm supported by two bones which are radius
.ىفتكل ل � انوكم د ةمظع
and ulna. The upper part of the ulna has a depression
where the inner projection of the humerus fits. The ulna )ةربعكل�و دنزل�( دعاس�ل و د :نم ىولعل فرطل�
radius is small in size and can rotate around a fixed ىلخ�دل� ءوتنل� هيف رقتس�ي فيوجت دنزلل ىولعل فرطلابو -
radius
ulna. ةيرئ�د فس�ن ةكرح كرحتتو امجح رغ �أ� ةربعكل و - د
c) The wrist consists of 8 bones in two rows called carpals wrist دنزل لوح

their upper ends are attached to the lower part of the palm hand ىولعل� اهفرط لس�تي نيف � ىف ماظع نم نوكتيف غس�رل امأ�
bones
radius, while their lower ends are attached to the bones
phalanges ديل� ةح�ر ماظعب ىلفس�ل فرطل و ،)ةربعكلل ىلفس�ل فرطلاب(
of the hand Plam (Fig. 5).
. ) لك
d) The palm consists of 5 long thin bones called metacarpals Fig. (5)
The upper (fore) limb ىدؤوت ةليطتس�م ةعيفر طا �مأ� نم نوكتت ديل ةح ر ماظعو
ىولعلا فرطلا )5( لكش�
followed by the ones of five digits each is made of 3
bones called phalanges except the thumb which consists of 2 phalanges only. ىتل ةس�مخل عبا ماظع ىلإ�
ةفقرحل� ماظع
ةعيفر تايملاس� نم اهنم لك نوكتي
2) The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs:
نم نوكتيف ماهبإ عب �إ�
The pelvic girdle consists of two identical halves fused at the ventral side at a region
ت�رقف
ةيزجع . طقف نيتملاس�
called the pubic symphysis ( fig. 6 ).
Each half consists of a dorsal bone called ilium which is attached anteriorly and ventrally ىضوحلا مازحلا )2(
فيوجتل� ت�رقف
to a bone called pubis and attached posteriorly and ventrally to a bone called ischium. At ةيش�عش�ع :نايلفسلا نافرطلاو
ىقحل�
the position of attachment of ilium and ischium bones there is a deep depression called
كرول� ماظع ) لك ض�وحل ماظع نوكتت
acetabulum into which the head of the thigh bone ( femur ) fits and forming the hip joint. ةناعل� ماظع
ىناعل� قافترلا� ىف نامحتلي نيلثامتم نيف �ن نم
ص�وحلا ماظع )6( لكش� ىمس�ت ةقطنم ىف ةينطابل ةيحانل

Biology General Secondary Certificate 2017 - 2018 2019 - 2020 Sahara Printing Company 9
ةيمامألا� ةيحانل� نم لس�تت ىتل� ةيرهظل� ةفقرحل� ةمظع نم امهنم ف �ن لك نوكتيو ىناعل قافترلااب

ةماعلا ةيوناثلل ءايحلأا ملع