Page 8 - model 1

Fifthly Tendons:

They are a strong connective tissue that : راتولأا ) د (
Gastrocnemius
link the muscles with bones at the joints muscle طبر ىلع لمعي ىوق ما � جيس�ن نع ةرابع

which allow the movement of muscles حمس�ي امب ، لس�افمل دنع ماظعلاب تلا
during their contraction and relaxation. For ، تلاس�عل� طاس�بن�و ض�ابقن دنع ةكرحلل
example, Achilles tendon which connects Achilles ةلس�عل� لس�ي يذل� ليخأ� رتو كلذ ةلثمأ� نمو
tendon
the gastrocnemius muscle with heel bone. بعكل� ةمظعب )قاس�ل نطب ةل �ع( ةيمأ�وتل
In some cases, this tendon may exposed to heel ببس�ب رتول� �ذه قزمتي نايحأ ض�عب يفو ،
bones
damage due to vigorous effort or sudden ، ئجافمل� تلاس�عل� ض�لقت وأ� فينع دوهجم
ليخأا رتو )10( لكش�
muscle contraction and the loss of elasticity Fig. (10) Achilles tendon
ض��رعأ� نمو ، تلاس�عل يف ةنورمل م
in the muscles. From the symptoms of Achilles tendon tearing is inability of walking,
ةداس�مل� ةيودألااب جلاعيو ، ةداح ملا�و مدقل� ةكرح يف لقثو ىس�مل� ىلع ةردقل� مدع وه ليخأ� رتو قزمت
heavy movement of foot, and acute pain, which can be treated with anti- inflammatory
قزمت ناك �ذإ� لاإ� ثدحي لاف يح�رجل� لخدتل� امأ� ، ةيبط ةريبج م�دختس��و ، ملاألال ةنكس�مل و تاباهتللال
and analgesic drugs, using a medical splint, while the surgical intervention does not
. لاماك رتول
occurs except during the complete tearing of the lendon.
ةيحلا تانئاكلا ىف ةكرحلا

ةراثإلا ض�رعتي امدنعف هتراثإلا ةجيتن ايت�ذ أاس�نت هتكرحف ،ةيحل� تانئاكل� عيمج زيمت ةرهاظ :ةكرحلا
Movement in living organisms
ىحل� نئاكل� ىف ةكرحل�و .ةكرح ةباجتس�لا� نوكت نيتلاحل� اتلك نمو ،ابلس� وأ� اباجيإ� اهل بيجتس�ي هنإاف ام
ةيويحل� هتاطاس�ن ريس�ت ىحل� نئاكل� ايلاخ نم ةيلخ لك لخ�د ةبئ�د ةكرح كانهف ،ةديدع ع و��نأ� اهل
Movement : is a phenomenon which distinguishes living organisms.
ءاعم� يف ةيدودل� ةكرحلاك ىحل� نئاكل� ء�زجأ� ض�عبل ةيعس�وم ةكرح كانهو ةيمزلابوتيس�ل ةكرحلاك
The living organism has self-movement and can respond to external stimuli.
ء�رو ايعس� وأ� ء�ذغل� نع اثحب رخآ� ىلإ� ناكم نم ىحل� نئاكل� اهب كرحتي ةيلك ةكرح كانهو تايراقفل
Movement in living organisms has many types. The continuous movement inside .هتئيب ىف رطخل ايفلات وأ� رخألا� ض
each cell for its vital activities such as cytoplasmic streaming, a positional movement ةكرح ىدؤوتو
ن�ويحل� ىف ةكرحل� لئاس�و تناك املكو ،هراس�تن� ةدايزل رخأ� ىلإ� ناكم نم هلقنتو ن
of some organs such as peristalsis in vertebrate intestine . There a total movement by
.هراس�تن� ةرئ�د تعس�ت املك ةعيرس�و ةيوق
which the organism can move from place to place in search of food or for a mate or to
،تلاس�عل� هب لس�تي بلس� زكترم هل نوكي نأ� نود كرحتي نأ� لاو هنز�وتب ظفتحي نأ� ن � �ذهل نكميلاو
avoid dangrous in its environment.
لكيه ىمس�تف تايراقفل� ىف امك ةيلخ�د وأ� تايلس�فمل� ىف امك ةيجراخ ةماعدل هذه لثم نوكت دقو
Movement of the animal from place to another leads to its spread in nature, as the
كامس�ألا� ىف امك ايمظع وأ� ةيفورس�غل� كامس�ألا� ىف امك ايفورس�غ ىلخ�دل� لكيهل نوكي دقو ،ن
means of movement was strong and fast the circle of its spread increase.
.ةكرحل� حيتي ايلس�فم لااس�ت� اهس�عبب لس�تت عطق نم نوكتي هنإاف لكيهل ناك امفيكو .ةيمظعل
An animal cannot attain balance or move unless it possesses a solid support to which
muscles are attached. Such kind of support may be external as in the arthropods or
internal as in vertebrates. This is the skeleton.
17
The internal skeleton may be cartilaginous as in cartilaginous fish or bony as in bony فس�ويلا زور عباطم
fish. Whaterver the kind of skeleton, it consists of segments attached to each other by

joints to facilitate movement.

12 Biology General Secondary Certificate 2019 - 2020 2017 - 2018 Shorouk Press