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and some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example,

               the sound spelled "th" in "this" is a different consonant than the "th" sound in "thin".
               (In the IPA, they are transcribed [ð] and [θ], respectively.)

                ====see the IPA Chart===



                Voiced sounds (usually sounds that vibrate in your throat): v, z, dg, dʒ, ð, ʒ

               Nasal sounds (vibrate in your nasal cavities): m, n, ŋ

               Labio-dental (teeth touch the bottom lip): f, v

               Interdental (teeth touching between the teeth): th, ð

               Bilabial (both lips move): m, w, b, p , Flap: “r” as in “butter”





                                                         Tongue

                                                         Position


                                                                                R





                       L as in “love” and “live”                         R as in “road” or “harbor”


                       ⊖ think [⊖ɪŋk]                                    n need [ni:d]










                                                Figure 3.4. L,R & ⊖, D Position






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