Page 20 - Pharmaceutical_Analytical_Chemistry_1_Theoretical_Notes_Level_1 2024-2025
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Contents
Solution Saturation ..................................................................................................... 3
A) Nonelectrolytes ................................................................................................. 4
Definition ................................................................................................................... 4
Examples .................................................................................................................... 4
B) Electrolytes ....................................................................................................... 5
Liquids Dissolving in Liquids .................................................................................... 6
I. Molarity (molar concentration) (M) .................................................................. 11
II. Normality (Normal concentration) (N) ..........................................................13
Parts of A Chemical Reaction ..................................................................................16
Coefficients & Subscripts: .......................................................................................18
Balancing Chemical Equations ................................................................................19
How to balance an equation? ...................................................................................19
Definition .................................................................................................................22
Notes ........................................................................................................................22
Factors affecting reaction rate ..................................................................................22
The pH of Aqueous Solutions ..................................................................................31
Important Terms in Titration ....................................................................................43
Detection of the End Point .......................................................................................43
(1) Primary Standard Solution. ............................................................................44
(2) Secondary Standard Solution. ........................................................................45
1) First Method ...................................................................................................48
2) Second Method ...............................................................................................48
1. Direct Titration .....................................................................................................50
2. Back (Residual) Titration .....................................................................................50
3. Displacement (Substitution) Titration ..................................................................52
1. Arrhenius Theory .................................................................................................55
2. Brønsted-Lowry Theory .......................................................................................56
3. Lewis Theory .......................................................................................................58
