Page 21 - Pharmaceutical_Analytical_Chemistry_1_Theoretical_Notes_Level_1 2024-2025
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Law of Mass Action .................................................................................................60
In Acid-Base Reactions ............................................................................................60
pH of acids and bases in acid base reactions ...........................................................62
pH of salts is acid base reactions .............................................................................62
pH Problem Solving Diagram ..................................................................................63
Acidic Buffers ..........................................................................................................65
Basic Buffers ............................................................................................................67
Buffer Capacity ........................................................................................................68
Buffer Range ............................................................................................................68
Buffers in Biological Systems..................................................................................69
pH range of Indicators..............................................................................................71
Types of Acid-Base Indicators .................................................................................71
Natural Acid-Base Indicators ...................................................................................73
How to predict the shape of the Titration Curve ......................................................74
Choice of Acid-Base Indicators ...............................................................................74
- 2- -
Determination of hydroxide (OH ), carbonate (CO ), bicarbonate (HCO ) or their
3 3
mixtures ....................................................................................................................80
Determination of NaOH & Na CO mixture ...........................................................85
2 3
Determination of Na CO & NaHCO mixture .......................................................86
2 3 3
Determination of HCl & CH COOH mixture ..........................................................87
3
Determination of Ammonium Chloride (NH Cl) ....................................................89
4
Determination of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) ......................................................91
Determination of Boric Acid (H BO ) .....................................................................92
3 3
Determination of Borax (Na B O ) ..........................................................................93
2 4 7
Theory of Non-Aqueous Titrations ..........................................................................98
Types of solvents in non aqueous titrations: ............................................................98
Leveling effect of solvents .......................................................................................99
