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Regular verbs
The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:
clean ➔ cleaned live ―기 ived paint ―江ainted study —”tudied
Past simple ( ➔ Unit 11 )
0 I cleaned my room yesterday.
0 Chris studied engi gineering at university.
Past participle
have/has + past participle (present perfect ―➔ Units 1 도 18):
0 I have cleaned my room.
0 Tina has lived in London for ten years.
is/are/were/has
been
etc.)
be (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participl e (passive ➔ Units 21-22):
。 These rooms are cleaned every day.
0 My car has been repaired.
Irregular verbs
The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in -ed:
make break cut
past simple made broke cut
past participle made broken cut
Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:
make find buy cut
past simple
past participIe } | made found bought cut
0 I made a cake yesterday. (past simple)
0 I have made some coffee. ( past participle — present perfect)
0 Butter is made from milk. ( past participle — passive present)
]
Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:
break know begin go
past simple broke knew began went
past participle broken known begun gone
0 Somebody broke this window last night. (past simple)
0 Somebody has broken this window. ( past participle — present perfect)
articiple
。 This window was broken last night. ( past participl — passive past)
)
58 ( irregular verbs ➔ Appendix 2-3 spelling (regular verbs) ➔ Appendix 5