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Regular verbs



                                The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:

                                clean  ➔ cleaned                 live ―기 ived             paint ―江ainted                   study —”tudied



                                Past simple ( ➔ Unit 11 )

                                       0  I cleaned my room yesterday.

                                       0  Chris studied engi gineering at university.




                                Past participle

                                        have/has + past participle (present perfect ―➔ Units 1 도 18):

                                       0  I have cleaned my room.

                                       0  Tina has lived in  London for ten years.



                                              is/are/were/has
                                                                          been
                                                                                    etc.)
                                        be (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participl  e (passive ➔ Units 21-22):
                                        。 These rooms are cleaned every day.
                                       0  My car has been repaired.










                                Irregular verbs



                                The past simple and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in  -ed:


                                                              make               break              cut



                                     past simple              made               broke              cut

                                past participle               made               broken             cut





                                Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same.  For example:



                                                              make               find                buy                cut

                                     past simple
                                past participIe  } | made                        found               bought             cut




                                       0  I made a cake yesterday.  (past simple)

                                       0  I have made some coffee.  (  past participle — present perfect)


                                       0  Butter is made from  milk.  ( past participle — passive present)
                                                                                                           ]



                                Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different.  For example:


                                                              break              know                begin              go



                                     past simple              broke              knew               began               went

                                past participle               broken             known              begun               gone




                                       0  Somebody broke this window last night.  (past simple)

                                       0  Somebody has broken this window.  (  past participle — present perfect)


                                                                                                                       articiple
                                        。 This window was broken last night.  (  past participl  — passive past)























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            58                  ( irregular verbs ➔ Appendix 2-3  spelling (regular verbs) ➔ Appendix 5
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