Page 17 - Handout Computer Network.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zVZ9cWFnCc&t=22s

2.3 Network Protocols

Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network communication from one host
through the network to another host. A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and
conventions that govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate. Protocols
determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control in data communication. Without
protocols, the computer cannot create or rebuild the stream of incoming bits from another computer
into the original data. Protocols control all aspects of data communication. They determine how the
physical network is built, how computers connect to the network, how the data is formatted for
transmission, and how that data is sent.
These network rules are created and maintained by many different organizations and
committees:

• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU), formerly known as the CCITT (Comité
Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique).

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6SZLcGE4us
2.4 Network Based on Coverage Area

2.4.1 Local-Area Networks (LANs)

LANs consist of computers, network interface cards, peripheral devices, networking media,
and network devices. Figure 2-1 illustrates a LAN. LANs make it possible for businesses that use
computer technology to locally share files and printers efficiently and make internal communications
possible, such as e-mail. LANs tie together data, local communications, and computing equipment.

Figure 2 - 1 a LAN Hierarchy

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