Page 780 - Makino,Tsutusi.DictionaryOfIntermediateJGrammar

706 APPENDIX 8

Appendix 8 Functional Expressions and Grammatical Patterns

Functional expressions, i.e., those expressions which are used to perform func-
tions such as making requests, asking for permission, and giving suggestions,
often involve certain grammatical patterns. The following is an inventory of
functional expressions which involve such patterns.
Abbreviations:

<s>: Spoken Japanese only
<w>: Written Japanese only
inf.sit.: Informal situations only
m.: Used by male speakers only
(m.): Used mostly by male speakers
f.: Used by female speakers only
(f.): Used mostly by female speakers
1. Ordering someone to do something; giving instructions
a. Vcond (Gr. I verbs)
&rO
(Stand up!)
%&&,

(Write in English.)
Variation:
Vcond d: <s> inf.sit., m.
Note: Vcond is a strong command. Vcond d: is a milder expression
and used only in spoken language.
(+ Imperative)
b. Vmasu 6 (Gr. 2 verbs) <s>
~t~~fi3,
(Look at this!)