Page 7 - Chemistry--atom first
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter1:EssentialIdeas...................................... 9 1.1ChemistryinContext................................... 10 1.2PhasesandClassificationofMatter ........................... 15 1.3PhysicalandChemicalProperties ............................ 25 1.4Measurements ...................................... 29 1.5 MeasurementUncertainty,Accuracy,andPrecision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.6MathematicalTreatmentofMeasurementResults.................... 43 Chapter2:Atoms,Molecules,andIons .............................. 67 2.1EarlyIdeasinAtomicTheory............................... 68 2.2EvolutionofAtomicTheory................................ 72 2.3AtomicStructureandSymbolism............................. 78 2.4ChemicalFormulas.................................... 86 Chapter 3: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.1ElectromagneticEnergy .................................116 3.2 The Bohr Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.3DevelopmentofQuantumTheory ............................134 3.4 ElectronicStructureofAtoms(ElectronConfigurations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3.5PeriodicVariationsinElementProperties ........................157 3.6ThePeriodicTable ....................................165 3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 4.1 Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4.2 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4.3ChemicalNomenclature .................................203 4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 4.6MolecularStructureandPolarity .............................224 Chapter 5: Advanced Theories of Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5.1 Valence Bond Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 5.2HybridAtomicOrbitals ..................................267 5.3MultipleBonds ......................................279 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter 6: Composition of Substances and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 6.1FormulaMassandtheMoleConcept ..........................308 6.2DeterminingEmpiricalandMolecularFormulas .....................311 6.3 Molarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 6.4OtherUnitsforSolutionConcentrations .........................326 Chapter7:StoichiometryofChemicalReactions .........................341 7.1WritingandBalancingChemicalEquations .......................342 7.2ClassifyingChemicalReactions .............................348 7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 7.4 Reaction Yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Chapter 8: Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 8.1 Gas Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . 405 8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 8.4EffusionandDiffusionofGases .............................430 8.5TheKinetic-MolecularTheory ..............................435
