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8.6Non-IdealGasBehavior .................................441
Chapter 9: Thermochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
9.1EnergyBasics ......................................460 9.2 Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 9.3Enthalpy .........................................483 9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Chapter 10: Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
10.1 Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 10.2PropertiesofLiquids ..................................532 10.3 Phase Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 10.4 Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 10.5TheSolidStateofMatter ................................556 10.6LatticeStructuresinCrystallineSolids .........................563
Chapter11:SolutionsandColloids ................................597
11.1TheDissolutionProcess ................................598 11.2Electrolytes .......................................603 11.3 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 11.4ColligativeProperties ..................................616 11.5Colloids .........................................635
Chapter12:Thermodynamics ...................................653
12.1Spontaneity .......................................653 12.2Entropy .........................................657 12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 12.4 Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Chapter 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
13.1ChemicalEquilibria ...................................680 13.2 Equilibrium Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 13.3ShiftingEquilibria:LeChâtelier’sPrinciple .......................692 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Chapter 14: Acid-Base Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 14.2 pH and pOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 14.3RelativeStrengthsofAcidsandBases .........................742 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 14.5 Polyprotic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 14.6 Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Chapter15:EquilibriaofOtherReactionClasses .........................805
15.1PrecipitationandDissolution ..............................806 15.2LewisAcidsandBases .................................821 15.3MultipleEquilibria ....................................826
Chapter16:Electrochemistry ...................................847
16.1BalancingOxidation-ReductionReactions .......................848 16.2 Galvanic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 16.3StandardReductionPotentials .............................859 16.4TheNernstEquation ..................................865 16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 16.6Corrosion ........................................876 16.7Electrolysis .......................................879
Chapter17:Kinetics ........................................895
17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 17.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
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