Page 735 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

index
A
Abiotic systems, 15–18, 606–607, 610–613, 621– 622
Ablation, 539, 542
Abrasion, 463, 519, 541–544
Absolute age, defined, 348
Absolute zero, 119–120
Absorption, 96–97, 100–101
Abyssal plains, 385
Acid deposition, 77–79, 82–83, 85 Acidification of oceans, 321, 495, 611–613 Acid rain, 432–435
Active solar systems, 108–109
Adiabatic processes, 190–194, 237 Adsorption, 578
Advanced National Seismic System, 408 Advection, 93, 197–199
Aerial bombs, 413, 414–415, 417
Aerosols
air pollution, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82–83, 85 cloud formation and, 194
effect on climate, 32, 162, 283, 320 monsoons, effect on, 162
Mount Pinatubo eruption, 19, 97, 144, 415, 613
solar energy pathways and principles, 19, 58, 69, 97–98, 110, 112, 139, 331, 334
African Plate, 394 African Shield, 387–388 Aggradation, 464 Agriculture
ecosystem stability, 629–630 fertilizer use, 79, 612–613, 633 food web efficiency and, 618–619 GPS applications, 31
methane emissions, 330
soils and, 250, 570, 571, 579–582 temperature and degree days, 303
water resources, 250, 252, 263–264, 268
Air, 66
Air masses, 93, 218–219, 279, 280–281,
284–293
Airplane contrails, 98–99
Air pollution, 73, 76, 78–83, 84, 162, 193, 283
Air pressure, 66–67. See also Atmospheric circulation
atmospheric lifting mechanisms, 209–216 Earth’s climate system, 279, 280–281 local wind patterns, 162–163, 164
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 170 vapour pressure and, 188–189
wind and, 144–146, 147 Air temperature, 118–119, 121 Albedo
Earth-atmosphere energy balance, 96–98 100–101, 113, 121
ice, effects of, 91, 96–98, 295, 320–324, 327
volcanic eruptions and, 144
Alberta Clipper, 216
Aleutian Low, 154, 158
Aleutian Trench, 367, 374, 408
Algae, 513, 515, 607–608, 613
Allegheny orogeny, 349, 396, 400 Alluvium, 473–478, 479
Alpine glaciers, 535–538
Alpine system, 396, 400, 401
Alpine tundra biomass, 661–662
Alps, 394, 396, 397, 398–399
Altitude, 86, 122–123, 144
Amazon rain forest, deforestation, 648–649,
651, 652–653
Amazon River, 253, 282, 283, 455, 475–476 Amensalism, 621
Amphibians, 14, 631, 634
Anabranching channel pattern, 465, 468–469 Analemma, 58
Andesite, 357
Andes Mountains, 181, 200, 282, 367,
397–399, 442 Anemometer, 146–147
Aneroid barometer, 146
Angara Shield, 387–388
Angle of equilibrium, slopes, 428
Angle of repose, 441, 520, 522–523 Animals. See also Ecosystems; Terrestrial
biomes
in caves and caverns, 440
climate change and, 605
geologic time scale, 349
soil development and, 572, 574, 577 species distribution, 619–627
Annapolis Tidal Generating Station, 500 Annular drainage, 458
Antarctica
climate, 295–296
glacial ice cores, 312–313, 314
ice melt, 5, 13, 325–326, 327, 533,
558–561
ice volume, 538
ocean circulation, 166–168
ozone hole, 74–75
temperature patterns, 131, 132–133
Antarctic air masses (AA), 208–209 Antarctic High, 158
Antarctic Plate, 368
Antarctic zone, latitude, 21–22 Antecedent stream, 472 Anthropocene, 10, 350 Anthropogenic atmosphere, 76, 85 Anthropogenic biomes, 665–666 Anthropogenic pollution, 76–80 Anticline, 390–392
Anticyclonic circulation, 151, 152, 158, 159 Antipode, 347
Aphelion, 45, 53
Appalachian highlands, 287–289 Appalachian Mountains, 356, 364, 389,
391–392, 395–400 Apparent solar day, 58
Apparent temperature, 118
Aqua, 32
Aquatic ecosystems. See Lakes; Oceans;
Rivers
Aquicludes, 258–259, 258–260 Aquifer recharge area, 260
Aquifers, 258–259, 258–260, 261–262 Aquitard, 258–260
Arabian Desert, 155, 299
Arabian Plate, 368, 391–392
Aral Sea, 254
Archean Eon, 349, 350
Arches National Park, 424–425 Arctic
Canadian borders, 3–4
continental crust drilling, 353
glacial ice melt, 533, 558–561
latitude, 21–22
permafrost thaw, 307, 323, 325–326, 327,
330, 332–333
physical weathering, 430–431
rock sheeting, 433–434
seasons and temperatures, 55–59, 126,
132–133
Arctic air masses (A), 208–209
Arctic amplification, 133
Arctic and alpine tundra biome, 648–650,
661–662
Arctic Coastal Plain, 356
Arctic haze, 80–81 Arctic Ocean
economic zones, 3–4
ice melt, 13, 91, 112, 325–326, 327, 329,
341–342, 558–561
seasonal ice coverage, 306 thermohaline circulation, 165–168 water distribution, 244
Arctic Oscillation (AO), 171, 318–319 Arcuate delta, 475, 478
Arête, 545–546
Arid climates, 181, 240, 280–281, 296–297.
See also Deserts Artesian wells, 259–260
Asperities, 405
Asthenosphere, 351, 352–353, 366–367,
388–389, 411
Atacama Desert, 181, 297, 298 Athabasca oil sands, 423–424 Atlantic basin rifting, 349 Atlantic Ocean
air pressure zones, 155
ocean circulation, 143, 165–168, 171 seafloor spreading, 366
subduction zones, 366
tropical storm tracks, 232–233
water distribution, 244
Atmosphere. See also Climate; Temperature; Weather
air masses, 208–209
altitude and elevation, 122–123 carbon dioxide measurement, 309–310
I-1