Page 737 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

Index I-3
greenhouse effect, 98–101
Mount Pinatubo, effect on, 613 photosynthesis and respiration, 608–609 weathering feedback, 321, 324
Carbonic acid (H2CO3), 321, 324, 434–435 Carboniferous Period, 349
Carbon monoxide (CO), 76, 77, 81, 82–83 Carnivores, 617–619
Caroline Plate, 368 Cartography
defined, 26
map projections, 26–30
map scale, 26, 36
modern mapping tools, 30–37
Cascadia subduction zone, 404–405, 408, 409
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC), 578–579 Caverns and caves, 437–440
Celsius (C) scale, 60, 119–120 Cementation, 358–359
Cenozoic Era, 349
Channel avulsion, 478
Channel incision, 463
Chaparral, 289, 290, 658–659
Chemical energy, 12
Chemical precipitation, 359
Chemical sedimentary rocks, 359–360 Chemical weathering, 432–435, 463 Chernozemic order, soils, 585, 586, 588, 589,
590, 599
Chinook winds, 162, 183, 212, 814
Chlorine (Cl), 74, 330–331 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 71, 74, 98–101,
330–331 Chlorophyll, 608–609
Christopherson, Robert, 42–43
Cinder cone, 412
Circle of illumination, 53–54
Circulation, global, 51
Circum-Pacific belt, 397
Cirque, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546
Clastic sedimentary rocks, 356, 357–360, 361 Clay minerals, 355, 358, 441, 572–574, 575 Clean Air Act, 79, 81, 84
Cliff dwellings, 431–432
Climate. See also Terrestrial biomes; Weather
classification of, 276–277, 280–282 coastal systems, 495–498
dry climates, 277, 280–281, 296–297 feedback systems, 320–324
global precipitation, map of, 276, 277 highland climates, 277, 295
humid continental climates, 289, 291–293 humid subtropical climates, 285–287 ice-cap and ice-sheet climates, 295–296 marine west coast climates, 287–289 Mediterranean dry summer climate, 287,
289, 290
mesothermal climates, 277, 280–281, 284 microthermal climates, 277, 280–281, 289 midlatitude cold desert climates,
297–298, 299
midlatitude cold steppe climate, 298–301 models and forecasts, 335–337
overview of, 17, 18, 276, 278–279
polar climates, 277, 280–281, 295
polar marine climates, 295–296
subarctic climate, 293–294
surface energy budget, simplified, 104–107 temperature and degree days, 303
tropical, subtropical hot deserts,
297, 298, 299
tropical, subtropical hot steppes, 298, 300 tropical climates, 277, 280–281
tropical monsoon climates, 282–283, 284 tropical rain forest, 282, 283
tropical savanna climates, 283–285
tundra climates, 295
weathering and, 428–435 Climate change
Arctic Oscillation (AO), 171 atmospheric albedo and, 97–98 causes of, 98–101, 307, 328–335 climate boundaries and, 283, 295, 301 Climate-Change Index, 341–342 climate feedback and carbon budget,
320–324
coastlines, effect on, 491, 514–515 current and future actions, 337–339 Earth’s climate, overview, 310–320 human interactions and, 12, 302,
308–310, 340
ice melt and, 5, 133, 306, 332–333,
352–353, 544, 558–561
lakes, effect on, 209, 210, 254
ocean acidification, 515
prairie water resources, 241–242 science of, 13, 308, 324–328, 333–337 short-term reconstruction methods,
315–319
species adaptations to, 117, 605 temperature trends, 5, 120–122, 134–139 thermohaline circulation and, 166–167 weather patterns and, 162, 168, 226, 231,
241–242, 252 wildfires and, 76, 625
Climate Change Accountability Act, 84 Climate forcing, 331–332, 334 Climatology, defined, 276
Climax community, 626
Climograph, 277. See also Climate Closed systems, 12
Cloud-albedo forcing, 98, 321 Cloud-condensation nuclei, 194 Cloud-greenhouse forcing, 98 Clouds
atmospheric stability, 191–194
cold and warm fronts, 212–216 Earth-atmosphere energy balance, 100–101 Earth’s climate system, 278–279
formation and types of, 194–197, 200 greenhouse effect, 98–101
hail formation, 223–224
hydrologic cycle, overview, 245
rain shadow, 237
solar energy pathways and principles, 97–98 temperature, effect on, 123–124 thunderstorms, 206, 221–225
water, properties of, 182–186
water-vapour feedback system,
187–190, 321
Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System
(CERES), 124 CloudSat, 32, 33
Coal, 69, 79–80, 85, 308–310, 355, 357–360, 361, 393
Coastal rock, 495–498 Coastal wetlands, 515–516 Coast Belt, 370–371 Coastlines
dead zones, 614–615
erosion of, 505–507, 508
Human Denominator, 526
sea level rise and, 336–337, 491, 492 sediment budgets, 527–528
tides, 498, 499–501
waves, 501–505
wind processes, 516–525
Cobbles, 359
Cockpit karst, 437, 439 Cocos Plate, 368
Col, 545–546
Cold desert biomes, 659–661 Cold fronts, 212–216
Collapse sinkhole, 436–437, 438 Collision-coalescence process, 194 Colorado River, 6, 260
Columbia Mountains, 370–371 Columbia Plateau, 412–413 Commensalism, 621
Communities, ecosystems, 619–627 Comox climate station, 275 Compaction, 358–359
Compensation point, 609 Competence, streams, 464 Competitive exclusion principle, 620 Composite volcano, 413 Compression, 360–361, 362, 390–394,
395, 396
Condensation, 183–194, 237, 279 Conduction, 93
Cone karst, 437, 439
Cone of depression, 260
Confined aquifer, 258–260, 259
Conic projection, 28–29
Coniferous forest, 644
Conservation biogeography, 662–665 Constant height surface, 158
Constant isobaric surface, 158, 159 Consumers, ecosystems, 606–607, 609–610,
612, 616–619
Contact metamorphism, 361
Continental arctic air masses (cA), 280–281 Continental crust
earthquakes and, 401–410
formation of, 387–389
orogenesis (mountain building), 394–401 overview of, 351, 352
volcanic activity, 410–416
Continental divides, 455–456
Continental drift, 363, 364
Continental effect, 126–129
Continental ice sheets, 538, 539 Continental polar air masses (cP), 208–209,
280–281 Continental rift valley, 411
Continental shields, 387–389
Continental tropical air masses (cT), 280–281 Convection, 93, 101, 102, 106–107, 209,
210–211
Convergent boundaries, 367–371 Convergent lifting, 209, 210, 2110
Conveyor belt model, 219
Cooling degree-days (CDD), 303 Copenhagen Accord, 338
Coral, 13, 317, 318, 321, 513–515, 607 Cordilleran mountain system, 356, 394–395,
397–399, 400, 401 Core, Earth, 350–351
Coriolis force, 148–150, 151, 164, 232–233 Coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 47 Corona, solar, 46–47
Cove, 503
Craton, 387–388
Cretaceous Period, 349, 400 Crevasses, 540, 542, 544, 545 Cross bedding (stratification), 524 Crust, Earth. See also Earthquakes;
Landforms; Plate tectonics; Volcanoes continental drift, 363, 364
deformation of, 389–394, 395, 396 formation of, 387–389
geologic cycle, 375–377
geomorphic belts and exotic terranes,
370–371
overview, 351–352, 353
plate boundaries, 367–371 seafloor spreading, 363, 365–366 subduction zones, 366–367
Crutzen, Paul, 10, 75
Cryosolic order, soils, 585, 588, 591, 599