Page 738 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

I-4 Index
Cryosphere, 15–18, 534. See also Glaciers; Ice Cuesta, 472–473
Cultural eutrophication, 627
Cutbank, 468–469
Cutoff, stream flow, 468–469 Cyanobacteria, 607–608
Cyclones, 103, 151, 152, 211–212, 216–220 Cyclonic circulation, 158, 159
Cylindrical projection, 28–29
D
Daily mean temperature, 122
Dams, 5, 254–256, 453, 459, 465, 466–467 Darwin, Charles, 514
Daylength, 25, 52–59, 122, 123, 621–622 Daylight savings time, 25
Dead zones, aquatic ecosystems, 613, 633 Death Valley, California, 119, 121, 297, 360,
361, 394, 396, 476
Debris avalanches, 442–443, 444 Debris slope, 427, 428
December solstice, 43, 55–59 Deciduous forests, 620
Decomposers, 606–607, 617–619 Deep cold zone, 494
Deep ocean currents, 165–168 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 496–497 Deflation, 518
Deforestation, 323, 604, 648–649, 651,
652–653 Degassing, 360
Degradation, 464
Degree days, temperature and, 303 Delta, 474–479, 489
Dendritic drainage, 458 Dendroclimatology, 316–317 Denudation, 424–428
Deposition
coastal deposition, 507–516 denudation, 424–428
glaciers, 541–544, 547–550 rivers, 473–478, 479 sedimentary rocks, 358
water phase changes, 183–186 wind processes, 492, 516–525
Depressions, topographic region, 386 Deranged drainage, 458
Derechos, 224–225
Desalination, 261, 269
Desert
desert biomes, 648–650, 659–661
Desertification, 571, 581–582 Desert pavement, 519–520 Deserts
climate of, 280–281, 296–297
global temperature patterns, 132 midlatitude climates, 297–298, 299 tropical and subtropical climates, 297,
298, 299
water sources, 181
wind processes, 516–525
Detritivores (detritus feeders), 606–607, 612, 617–619
Devonian Period, 349
Dew-point, 187–188, 197–199, 201–202, 237 Diabatic mechanisms, 191
Diagnostic soil horizons, 582
Differential weathering, 424–425
Diffuse radiation, 94–95
Digital elevation models (DEMs), 35, 384 Dikes, 357, 358
Dilatancy, 408
Dinosaurs, 349, 425
Diorite, 357
Direct radiation, 94
Discharge, 460
Discontinuity, 351
Dissolved load, streams, 463 Dissolving stage, cyclone, 217, 218 Distance, map projections, 26–30 Distributaries, 474
Divergent boundaries, 367–371 Doldrums, 153, 155
Dolines, 436–437, 438
Dolomite, 362
Dome, 391–392
Doppler radar, 220
Downbursts, 221–225, 224–225 Downwelling current, 164–165 Drainage patterns, rivers, 454–459 Drawdown, water, 260
Dripstones, 439–440
Driving force, 441
Drought
Australia, 116
chaparral, 289, 290
China, 254
climate change and, 302
desert biomes, 659–661
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 170 Mediterranean scrubland, 658–659 Sahara Desert, 297
soil erosion and, 580
tropical savanna climates, 283–285,
651, 654
water deficits, overview, 250, 251–252
Drumlins, 548, 549
Dry adiabatic rate (DAR), 191–194
Dry-bulb thermometer, 189–190, 201–202
Dry climates, 277, 280–281, 296–297
Dry ice, 183
Dry season, 282–283, 284
Dunes, 520–525, 526
Dust, 45, 80–81, 85, 97–98, 109, 144, 516–525 Dust Bowl, 580
Dynamic equilibrium, 13–14, 425, 428, 472
E
Earth. See also Plate tectonics axial tilt, 409
crust formation and deformation, 387–396 daily radiation patterns, 103–104 dimensions of, 19–20
energy flow, 18, 92–98, 104–107, 350–355 four spheres of, 14–18
geologic cycle, 375–377 geologic time scale, 348–350 hydrologic cycle, 244–246 location and time, 20–25 magnetism of, 347, 353–355 mass of, 352
orbits of, 31–32, 319–320 overview, 16, 18, 344–345, 348 radiometric dating, 379
relief and topography, 384–386 rotation, speed by latitude, 55 satellite data about, 32 seasons, 52–55
temperature patterns, 130–134 volcanic activity, 410–416 water distribution on, 242–244
Earthflow, 443–444 Earthquakes
comparative analysis of, 406–407 fault mechanics, 404–405, 408 forecasting and planning, 408–410 global activity of, 369–375
hazard maps, 409
Indonesia, 401
Japan (March 2011), 5, 144, 406–407, 409,
505–507
mass-movement processes and, 441–447
measuring size of, 419
Northridge, 394
overview of, 401–404
San Andreas fault, 369, 383, 391, 394, 395,
402, 403, 409
San Jacinto fault, 383 seismic wave analysis, 350 transform faults, 368–369 tsunamis and, 504–507
Earthshine, 96
Earth systems science, 7, 11–20 Ecological footprint, 11
Ecological niche, 619–627
Ecological succession, 623–627 Ecology, 606. See also Ecosystems Economic zones, 3–4
Ecosphere, overview of, 15–18 Ecosystems. See also Terrestrial biomes
biodiversity and evolution, 628–634 climate and, 282, 605
communities and species distribution,
619–627 defined, 606
disturbance and succession, 623–627 elemental cycles, 610–613
energy flow, 18, 607–610, 613, 616–619 feedback loops, 12–13
invasive species, 644, 646–647 landscape pattern analysis, 636 limiting factors, 622
net primary productivity, 609–610 restoration of, 634
Vancouver Island, 275–276 Ecotones, 644, 646
Ecozones, 275–276, 642–644, 645, 646 Edaphology, 572
Edaphosphere, 15–18, 572
Effluent, 260
Effusive eruptions, volcanoes, 412–413 EF Scale, 225, 226
Elastic-rebound theory, 404–405, 408 Electric power, 69, 76, 254–256 Electromagnetic spectrum, 47–49, 60 Elemental cycles, 610–613
Elevation, 122–123, 385
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
168–170, 333 Eluviation, 574
Empirical classification, climate, 277 Endogenic systems, 376–377, 378. See also
Earthquakes; Plate tectonics; Volcanoes crust formation, Earth, 387–389
defined, 16, 344–345, 348
hillslopes as open systems, 426–427
Energy
atmospheric stability, 190–194 conversion to biomass, 607–610 defined, 11
dynamic equilibrium model, 425, 428 Earth’s climate system, 278–279
Earth’s internal energy, 350–355
Earth spheres, overview, 16–18 ecosystems, flow through, 613, 616–619 energy-balance, overview, 92–98, 113 energy budget, 49, 100, 112
energy pathways and principles, 94–98 energy pyramid, 617–619 environmental lapse rates, 86
fusion, 45
geologic cycle, 376–377
geothermal energy, 370–373
incoming energy, 49–59, 103–104
latent heat, 184–186
magnetic field, Earth, 353–355
ocean waves, 500–505
overview, 16, 18, 40–41 photosynthesis, 608–609