Page 748 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

I-14 Index
Universe, 44–45
Uplift, 394–395
Upper-level winds, 152
Upslope fog, 198
Upwelling current, 164–165
Uranium (U) isotopes, 350
Urban heat islands, 90, 107–111, 136–137,
210–211
V
Valley breezes, 162–163, 164 Valley fog, 198
Valley glaciers, 536–538
Valleys, glacial landforms, 544–547 Valley train deposit, 549–550 Vapourization, water, 183–186 Vapour pressure, 188–189
Varves, 316
Vascular plants, 608
Vegetation. See Plants
Ventifacts, 519
Vernal equinox, 55–59
Vertisolic order, soils, 585, 596, 599 Vicariance, 628
Visible spectrum, 71, 92, 94, 95
Vog (volcanic smog), 81
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 76–79,
81, 82–83
Volcanic landforms, 384, 387–389, 397–399, 412 Volcanic rock, 356
Volcanoes
Canadian volcanoes, 416
eruption types, 412–416, 417 Eyjafjallajökull, 15, 19, 160, 346, 410 forecasting and planning, 416–417 global activity of, 369–375
global temperature effects, 97, 320 Hawai’i, 412–413
hot springs, 260
Iceland, glacier melt and, 538
igneous processes, 355–357 mass-movement processes and, 440–441 Mount Pinatubo, 15, 19, 73, 97, 144, 320,
415–416, 613
Mount St. Helens, 31, 410–411, 414–415,
417, 625–626
orogenesis, 398–399
outgassing, 66
pollution and, 73, 81, 85 subduction zones, 367
volcanic material, 411–412 volcanism, overview of, 410–411
von Humboldt, Alexander, 621 von Lozinski, Walery, 550
W
Wallace, Alfred, 642
Waning slope, 427, 428
Warm, humid continental climates, 289 Warm desert biomes, 659–661
Warm fronts, 212–216
Water. See also Ice; Precipitation; Terrestrial
biomes
arid climates and, 181, 240
distribution on Earth, 242–244
drought, 251–252
ecosystems, effect on, 621–622
fog harvesting, 181, 198
groundwater resources, 241–242, 256–265 humidity, overview, 186–190 hydroelectric power, 254–256
hydrologic cycle, overview, 17, 182–183,
244–246
hydrosphere, 15–18
karst topography, 435–440
land-water heating differences, 124–129 management of, 242, 269, 633 mass-movement processes, 441–447 measurement of, 253
melting and freezing points, 119 oil sands extraction, 424
on other planets, 15
oxygen isotope analysis, 311–312 permafrost behaviour and, 551 properties of, 106–107, 182–186 surface water resources, 253–256 transpiration, 608–609
water budgets, 246–251, 269, 270 water supply, 265–269
water transfer projects, 256
water withdrawal, 266 weathering and, 430, 433–435
Waterfalls, 472–473, 474
Water table, 246, 256, 258–260, 262–263 Water vapour. See also Precipitation
air pressure and, 144
atmosphere composition, 68
climate change, 98–101, 328–335 cloud formation and types, 194–197 feedback system, 321
fog, formation and types, 197–199 heat and, 106–107, 124–129, 136–138 Human Denominator, 200
humidity, overview of, 140, 186–190 outgassing, 243
temperature and, 118, 320
water, properties of, 182–186
Wave action, 14, 491, 501–505, 527–528 Wave-cut platform (terrace), 507, 508 Wave cyclone, 216–220
Wave refraction, 503–504
Waxing slope, 427, 428
Weather. See also Atmospheric circulation;
Climate
air masses, 208–209 atmospheric lifting mechanisms,
209–216
atmospheric stability, 190–194
cloud formation and types, 194–197 cold and warm fronts, 212–216 defined, 208
dew-point, 187–188
drought and, 252
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
168–170
energy flow, 18, 93, 103 extreme events, 327–329, 333 fog, 180, 197–199
Human Denominator, 236 lenticular clouds and, 196 maps and forecasts, 217–220 midlatitude cyclonic systems,
processes of, 428–435
sedimentary processes, 357–360, 361 water phase changes and, 184
Wegener, Alfred, 363
Wells, 258–260
West Australian Current, 289
Westerlies, 155, 156–157
Western Pacific Warm Pool, 126, 127
West Wind Drift, 143
Wet-bulb thermometer, 189–190, 201–202 Wetlands, 253–256, 330, 473, 475, 515–516,
632–633
Wien’s Displacement Law, 48, 60, 93 Wildfires, 73, 76, 85, 116, 135, 139, 144,
623–626 Wilson, Tuzo, 368 Wilting point, 248
Wind
air pressure and, 144–146, 147
coastal systems, 491, 492, 495–498 cold and warm fronts, 212–216 Coriolis force, 148–150
damaging winds, 224–225
description and measurement, 146–148 Earth’s climate system, 278
electrical energy from, 142, 163,
166–167, 172
energy flow, 93, 166–167
friction force, 150–151
geomorphic change and, 516–525
high- and low-pressure systems, 151, 152 jet streams, 158, 160
local winds, 162–163, 164
monsoonal winds, 160–162
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 170 pollution and, 80–81, 85
pressure gradient force, 148, 149
primary atmospheric pressure areas,
151–158
snowpacks, effect on, 183, 184 surface winds, 152
tornadoes, 225–226, 227
trade winds, 153, 155, 156–157, 164 tropical cyclones, 226–235 upper-level winds, 152
westerlies, 155
wind chill, 118–119
wind regimes, calculating, 173–174
Wind, solar, 45–47
Wind rose, 173–174
Wind shear, thunderstorms, 221–225 Wind vane, 147
Winter solstice, 55–59
World Meteorological Organization, 122,
220, 329 Wrangellia terranes, 389
X
Xerophytic, 651
Y
Yardangs, 519
Yazoo streams (tributaries), 473, 475 Yellowstone National Park, 12–13, 371, 378,
411, 624–625
Yosemite National Park, 356, 431, 434 Younger Dryas, 318
Z
Zagros Mountains, 391–392
Zone of aeration, 258–260
Zone of saturation, 246, 258–260 Zoogeography, 642. See also Terrestrial biomes
216–220
satellite data, 32, 33
solar wind and, 47
systems overview, 17 thunderstorms, 206, 221–225 tornadoes, 225–226, 227
tropical cyclones, 226–235
violent weather, overview, 220–221 winter storms and blizzards, 221
Weathering
carbon dioxide-weathering feedback,
321, 324
defined, 345, 424
dissolved loads, streams, 463 Human Denominator, 448 isostatic adjustments, 354
karst topography, 435–440 landmass denudation, 424–428 landslides, 422
orogenesis, 394, 400