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dependent variable. It is often used in social sciences to observe human behavior by
analyzing two groups – effect of one group on the other.
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Q3. What are the following steps were used to formulate research design?
Ans. Research design gives the details of the ways and manners of conducting thestudy.
It involves the following various steps to formulate research design.
1. Choosing a Research Topic: Being able to choose suitable research topics is an
important skill to have for any researcher.The titleshould be brief, precise and reflect
the scope of the problem under research. Generally, anthropologists often find a
topic to research by carrying out aliterature review, which is the formal term for
reading what others havealready written about the subject and assessing its
strengths and gaps.
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2. Identification of Research Problem: Identification of a research problem is the
second and most important step in research process.The statement of problem
should briefly contain an analysis and relevanceof the problem. This is exactly a
rationale for carrying out the study. Existing literature is reviewed and gaps are
brought out. Choosing a correct problemfor study is a difficult exercise, as it depends
on the time, effort andcommitment on the part of the scholar. The type of the
statement to beemployed depends on the preferences of the scholar and the nature of
theproblem.
3. Significance of the Study: In this section, state the purpose of the study
andexplain its significance. The significance is addressed by discussing how thestudy
adds to the theoretical body of knowledge in the field of the study.Learners also must
explain how their research makes an original contributionto the body of knowledge
in their discipline.
4. Review of Literature: In research literature review play a very important role.
A literature review is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge
including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and do
not report new or original experimental work.The source for literature review has
been libraries and documentation centerswhere booksand various references are
found in card catalogued manner.Nowadays, libraries have become computerized
and most of resources aremadeavailable online. Today one can easily access the
resources on internetand searching literature has become very easy. Literature
review is necessitatedby the fact that a researcher is probably not the first person to
develop aninterest in a particular problem; and hence, he or she need to spend
sometime in the library reviewing what theories and methods others have used tothe
topic in the past and what findings are there (Macionis, 1997). Accordingto Marshal
and Rossman (1989: 35), review of literature has the followingfour purposes:

• It demonstrates the underlying assumptions behind the general
researchquestion.

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