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• It demonstrates that the researcher is thoroughly knowledgeable aboutrelated
research and the intellectual traditions that surround and supportthe study.
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• It shows that the researcher has identified some gaps in previous researchand
that the proposed study will fill a demonstrated need.
• It refines and redefines the research questions and related tentativehypotheses
by embedding those questions in larger empirical traditions.
5. Scope of Research: Delimit the scope of study dependingupon the time,money
available, the size of the sample, and the ability to collectinformation.Some of
required information may not be available to researcher which mayaffect the scope
of the study. Then the researcher should state the scope ofinvestigation in explicit
terms and provide the limitations of study.
6. Objectives of the Study: The objective of research project summarizes what is to
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be achieved by the study. The research objectives are the specific accomplishments
the researcher hopes to achieve by the study.A clearly defined research objective will
help the researcher to focus on the study. For example, you want to study the
problem of divorce in theurban area. You may like to study the reasons for increase
in the rise of thedivorce rate among the various socio-economic class of people.
Suchobjectives, thus, will provide the scope of the study. The objectives need tobe
manageable in number, clear, and inter related.
7. Concepts and Variables: Provide clearly the conceptual and operational
definitions of the concepts and variables usedin the research.
8. Formulation of Hypothesis: A hypothesis is used to explain a phenomenon or
predict a relationship in communication research. There are four evaluation criteria
that a hypothesis must meet. First, it must state an expected relationship between
variables. Second, it must be testable and falsifiable; researchers must be able to test
whether a hypothesis is truth or false. Third, it should be consistent with the existing
body of knowledge. Finally, it should be stated as simply and concisely as
possible.Formulating a hypothesis requires a specific, testable, and predictable
statement driven by theoretical guidance and/or prior evidence. A hypothesis can be
formulated in various research designs. In experimental settings, researchers
compare two or more groups of research participants to investigate the differences of
the research outcomes.In other words, the formulation of a hypothesis requires the
existence of a research question, but researchers could ask research questions
without formulating a hypothesis. ... A hypothesis states the expected answer to the
research question.
9. Selection of the Sample: Sampling is a process of selecting samples froma group
or population. These samples become the foundation for estimatingand predicting
the outcome of the population as well as for detecting theunknown piece of
information. A sample is the sub-unit of the populationinvolved in your research
work. In this section, the researcher should mentionthe definition, size,
representatives of the sample population in the design.If your study is based on a

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