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                Table of Contents

                     Education                                          267
                     Police force                                       260
                5 Analysis of the achievements                          269


                Chapter Eight: The External Influences                 271
                1 Before the 19th century                              271
                     The Portuguese on the Arab coasts                 271
                     The Qawasim                                       273
                     The polarisation of Eastern Arabian tribes into
                     Hinawi and Ghafiri factions                       273
                         The Civil War in Oman                         273
                         Enumeration of Ghafiri and Hinawi tribes of the area
                         later called “Trucial Oman”                   276
                     Wahhabi influence on the area                     277

                2   Qawasim, Oman and Great Britain at the
                   beginning of the 19th century                        279

                     Early English trade interests in the Gulf         279
                     Qawasim clashes with English shipping             281
                         Decline of Qasimi trade                        281
                         The memory of the Portuguese conquests         282
                         Qawasim resentment of British-Muscati
                         rapprochement                                 283
                     The implications of the 1820 treaty                283
                         The objectives of the British authorities     283
                         Impact of the Treaty on the relationships between Arab
                         Rulers                                        286
                         Practicalities of peace keeping               287
                         Culmination of the maritime peace policy in 1853  288
               3  Growing British military and political involvement   288

                     Anti-slavery treaties                             288
                     The littoral shaikhdoms under British eyes        290
                     British-inspired agreement concerning absconding
                     debtors                                           291
                     Intervention in internal matters                  292
               4  Political benefits of the British influence          293


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