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444 16 Writing Proposals

invited to submit the proposal after people from the two organizations met
and discussed the project. Because proposals are expensive to write, suppli-
ers are reluctant to submit them without assurances that they will be consid-
ered carefully. Thus, the word unsolicited is only partially accurate.

the “deliVerables” of ProPosals

A deliverable is what the supplier will deliver at the end of the project. Delivera-
bles can be classified into two major categories: research or goods and services.

research Proposals
on techcomm Web In a research proposal, you are promising to perform research and then pro-
For sample proposals and vide a report about it. For example, a biologist for a state bureau of land man-
writing checklists, see Writing agement writes a proposal to the National Science Foundation requesting re-
Guidelines for Engineering and
Science Students. Click on sources to build a window-lined tunnel in the forest to study tree and plant
Links Library for Ch. 16 on roots and the growth of fungi. The biologist also wishes to investigate the re-
<bedfordstmartins.com/ lationship between plant growth and the activity of insects and worms. The
techcomm>.
deliverable will be a report submitted to the National Science Foundation
and, perhaps, an article published in a professional journal.
Research proposals often lead to two other applications: progress reports
and completion reports.
After a proposal has been approved and the researchers have begun work,
they often submit one or more progress reports, which tell the sponsor of the
project how the work is proceeding. Is it following the plan of work outlined in
the proposal? Is it going according to schedule? Is it staying within budget?
in this book At the end of the project, researchers prepare a completion report, often
For more about progress reports called a final report, a project report, a recommendation report, or simply a report.
and recommendation reports, A completion report tells the whole story of the research project, beginning
see Ch. 17, p. 470, and Ch. 19.
with the problem or opportunity that motivated it, the methods used in car-
rying it out, and the results, conclusions, and recommendations.
People carry out research projects to satisfy their curiosity and to ad-
vance professionally. Organizations often require that their professional em-
ployees carry out research and publish in appropriate reports, journals, or
books. Government researchers and university professors, for instance, are
expected to remain active in their fields. Writing proposals is one way to get
the resources — time and money for travel, equipment, and assistants — to
carry out the research.

goods and services Proposals

A goods and services proposal is an offer to supply a tangible product (a fleet of
automobiles), a service (building maintenance), or some combination of the
two (the construction of a building).

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