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Chapter (2) Network Fundamental and Layered Network Architecture

2.3 Network Protocols

Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network communication from
one host through the network to another host. A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules
and conventions that govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate.
Protocols determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control in data communication.
Without protocols, the computer cannot create or rebuild the stream of incoming bits from
another computer into the original data. Protocols control all aspects of data communication.
They determine how the physical network is built, how computers connect to the network, how
the data is formatted for transmission, and how that data is sent.
These network rules are created and maintained by many different organizations and
committees:

• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU), formerly known as the CCITT (Comité
Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique).

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6SZLcGE4us

2.4 Network Based on Coverage Area

2.4.1 Local-Area Networks (LANs)

LANs consist of computers, network interface cards, peripheral devices, networking
media, and network devices. Figure 2-1 illustrates a LAN. LANs make it possible for businesses
that use computer technology to locally share files and printers efficiently and make internal
communications possible, such as e-mail. LANs tie together data, local communications, and
computing equipment.

Figure 2 - 1 a LAN Hierarchy

LANs are designed to do the following:

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