Page 138 - Human Rights

Faculty of Nursing
Adult care Nursing Department

Therefore, there has been a global movement to decarbonize the economy, rebuild the

environment, and substantially increase the marine protected areas to at least 30% of the ocean

(combating heating, deoxygenation, and acidity of the oceans).

However, a priori, one may ask: what is the ethical basis of individual rights in a global society?

(Sen 1999) In particular, the right to individual self-determination and the principle of respect for

autonomy are framed in a context in which physicians and patients often have different visions of

the individual and the common good.

Typically, in pluralistic and democratic societies, citizens are more critical and demanding and do

not accept the coercive imposition of any ideological orthodoxy.

The very concepts of ethics and morals, besides their rationale, are not without controversy.

Therefore, there is an urgent need to reach a consensus on the universal ethical principles.

The Council of Europe’s approval of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity

of the Human Being, regarding the Application of Biology and Medicine (Council of Europe 1996)

and by United Nations Economic, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) of the Universal

Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights (UNESCO 2005), aims to meet the perceived need to

find an ethical minimum on a global scale and thus, offering better protection of patients’ rights.

In addition, global ethical standards should consider the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

as of December 10, 1948; the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights

adopted by the General Conference of UNE SCO on November 11, 1997; the UN Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on December 18, 1979; and the

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women adopted by the UN General Assembly

on December 20, 1993.

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