Page 1 - Science Fundamentals 2

BarCharts, Inc. ® WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE
Science 2 Science
Life
Science Fundamentals

Humans

Boost confidence & test scores!
What Is the • The human body is a single organism made up of many systems: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune & lymphatic,
integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary.
Human Body? • Humans are the most complex of all organisms; but, like all living things, they are made of cells; obtain food to make energy,
grow and develop; reproduce; and respond and adapt to their environment.
[NOTE: Some organs work in more than one system; for example, the pancreas is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems.]
SysteMs of tHe HuMAN Body

Circulatory System Digestive System endocrine System (continued)
Essential Functions: Essential Functions: How It All worKs togEtHEr
• carries blood around body. • breaks down food and extracts useful chemicals.
• supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich • removes waste. organ: Primary Function(s):
blood to every organ.
Critical Components: pituitary gland • releases growth hormones
Critical Components: • mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, • controls other glands
• heart, arteries, veins pancreas, small/large intestines, rectum thyroid gland • releases thyroxine, which converts
food to energy
this is where the new copy goes.
How It All worKs togEtHEr How It All worKs togEtHEr
bLooD: organ: Primary Function(s): adrenal glands • release adrenaline, which increases
• is made of plasma, red blood cells, breathing and heart rate
platelets, and white blood cells. mouth, • ingest & chew food pancreas • releases insulin, which controls sugar
• contains plasma that carries teeth levels in blood
chemicals, waste, and warmth
around the body. esophagus • transports food from mouth to ovaries • release estrogen and progesterone,
• contains red blood cells that carry stomach which change the female body as it
oxygen and give blood its color. stomach • breaks down food and soaks it in acid grows older, and regulate menstrual
• contains platelets that help blood (gastric juice) to begin digestion periods and pregnancy
clot (along with red blood cells).
• contains white blood cells that fight liver • digests nutrients testes • release testosterone, which changes
germs (as part of the immune system). • sends chemicals to appropriate the male body as it grows older
• is classified according to type: A, places in the body
B, AB, and O. • filters waste out of blood Fun Facts:
• stores vitamins and minerals • Your body makes more than 30 hormones that regulate
HEART: your body’s temperature, shape, and size. They also
• is one of the strongest muscles in the gall • collects waste from the liver regulate when you feel hungry, how you sleep, how you
bladder
• makes bile, which helps digest fat
human body.
• is divided into two halves. pancreas • produces juices that aid in digestion handle stress, and how and when you grow.
• has two chambers in each half: • delivers these juices to the small
atrium and ventricle. intestine Integumentary System
SySTEM: small • extracts chemicals and nutrients
• oxygen-rich blood from lungs travels intestine through blood vessels in the villi Essential Functions: HAIR:
to heart via pulmonary vein. (finger-shaped structures attached • protects body from dirt and • grows out of hair follicles,
• blood fills left atrium of heart and is to intestinal wall) danger. which contain hair roots
then squeezed into left ventricle. large • soaks up water and solidifies waste • controls temperature. made of keratin cells.
• heart pumps blood through arteries intestine/ • removes waste from body • grows as a result of hair
to entire body. colon • cleans intestines by moving Critical Components: follicles creating cells and
• aorta—main artery—brings blood to indigestible food (fiber) through • skin, hair, nails pushing hair out.
rest of body. them to remove waste • follicles come in different
• blood delivers oxygen and energy Quick J How It All shapes, which determine
Tip!
to every organ through arteries and rectum • removes solid waste from body worKs togEtHEr hair type:
capillaries. SkIN: – kidney-shaped follicles
• capillaries—tiny blood vessels— • keeps everything inside of create curly hair.
transport blood to individual cells. Quick J • Adults have 32 teeth. body. – round follicles create
• blood takes waste carbon dioxide Tip! • Children have a first set of 20 teeth. • is made of keratin. straight hair.
from cells. • The mouth releases 3 cups of saliva each day. • helps maintain core body – oval follicles create wavy
• Stretched out, the intestines are more than 25 feet long.
• blood that is depleted of oxygen Quick J temperature of 98.6°F hair.
and energy returns to heart via veins. despite environmental
• vena cava—main vein—brings Tip! changes. NAILS:
blood back to heart. endocrine System • has two major layers: • are made of keratin.
• blood fills right atrium of heart and Quick J – epidermis: top layer of • grow out of nail bed,
is then squeezed into right ventricle. Essential Functions: which contains the nail
Tip!
visible skin.
• heart pumps blood through • makes hormones (substances that control how the – dermis: lower, thicker root.
pulmonary artery to lungs. body works, grows, and changes). • get longer as the root
• blood exchanges carbon dioxide for Critical Components: layer with sweat glands creates layers of keratin and
and blood vessels.
oxygen. pushes nail out of nail bed.
• oxygen-rich blood from lungs travels • pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, pancreas,
ovaries, testes
to heart via pulmonary vein (starting Fun Facts:
the process all over again). How It All worKs togEtHEr • Skin is the largest organ in the human body.
GLANDS: • Skin cells constantly form and replace old cells.
Fun Facts: • are controlled by the nervous system. • We shed 40 million dead skin cells each day (that’s 45
• Your heart usually pumps about • release hormones into the bloodstream. pounds of skin over a lifetime).
one gallon of blood per minute; • hormones travel to the target organ. • An adult body has about 3 million sweat glands.
when you exercise, it can pump 7 • hormone levels decrease as we grow older, making • We shed a pint of sweat each day.
our bodies weaker and less healthy.
• Hair and nails are mostly dead; they have no nerves.
gallons a minute.
1